Physical Restraint in Mental Health Facilities should be a...

Physical/manual restraint should be an option of last resort to manage the risk of serious imminent harm because it involves risk to the physical and psychological health of both staff and consumers. In view of the possible connection between face down restraint and sudden death, if face down restraint is used, it will be time limited. The maximum time a person will be held on the ground in face down restraint is approximately 2-3 minutes to allow sufficient time to administer medication and/or remove the person to a safer environment. Physical/manual restraint by a team, mechanical restraint and seclusion should only be used for people detained in a mental health facility under the NSW Mental Health Act 2007 or the Mental Health (Forensic Provisions) Act 1990. If one of these interventions is applied to a voluntary patient, a Medical Officer (M.O.) must assess them as soon as possible after the event to review their status under the Mental Health Act. Non-declared mental health faci lities should have appropriate policies and procedures to ensure that if restraint is required within non-declared mental health units, such as Transitional Behavioural Assessment and Intervention Service (T-BASIS) units, then any necessary consent is obtained consistent with the NSW Guardianship Act 1987. A patient cannot be confined in a mechanical restraint device inside a locked room at any time A person held in a four limb restraint device will not be cared for in a public areaShow MoreRelatedThe Use of Physical Restraint Essay1782 Words   |  8 PagesThe use of physical restraint is quite common among caregivers in health facilities when dealing with geriatric patients. Yet this topic is one of the most debated issues in healthcare and medicine. The purpose of medical restraints is to prevent patients from harming themselves or those around them. It seems to be a simple solution and panacea for unruly patients who needs to be treated. However, ethical implications surround its usage as the practice of physically restricting people strips themRead MoreSolitary Confinement Units1172 Words   |  5 Pagessolitary confinement has become very popular. Inmates are being sent to solitary confinement for indefinite periods of time ranging from weeks to years. An Urban Institute survey of self-identified supermax wardens reported 44 states with at least one facility relatively housing 25,000 prisoners (Arrigo and Bullock, 2008). Additionally, it is believed that as prisons are being overpopulated, the numbers are increasing throughout the years. Prisoners are locked behinds cells confined in a small spaceRead MoreCover Sheet For Assignments And Clinical Evaluation Forms2249 Words   |  9 Pagesliving in an aged care facility that has been restrained against her will due to taking other peoples belongings. Using the Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee’s (2006) Ethical Decision making framework to approach the ethical dilemma. Restraining Mrs Alston has caused anger and a near experience of physical assault. Her family have become aware of these restraints and are unhappy. The resident faces the medical problem of being a dementia patient. The result of this has caused anger, physical assault and incontinenceRead MoreSolitary Confinement Is A Form Of Imprisonment1707 Words   |  7 Pagessurveillance (Smith, Peter Scharff, 2006.) Inmates have no social contact. Visits and phone calls are infrequent and highly restricted. Visits sometime only take place via video screens. The physical contact one experiences is limited to the interaction with prison guards, weather it be putting on restraints or taking them off. But what affect does all of this have on a prisoner? The human brain is ill-adapted to such conditions, and activists and some psychologists equate it to torture. SolitaryRead MoreOverview of Dementia Essay988 Words   |  4 Pagesof dementia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. She has been recently separated from her daughter who was her primary carer and her husband who were both unable to cope with her agitated behaviour. Margaret now resides in an age care facility. Margaret’s mental and emotional health is a cause for concern and the family are upset and are struggling with feelings of guilt and anger. This paper with discuss the intervention professional healthcare workers can implement to reduce the turbulence of this transitionalRead MoreCase Study Winterbourne View6587 Words   |  27 Pagesand secretly filmed within the hospital for 5 weeks. Before he went undercover the BBC sent Jo on a private training course on ways to best care for people with learning disabilities. Following this he fully understood restraint should be a last resort, and all other attempts should be made before using such methods. Whilst filming there were several incidents of extreme abuse witnessed, a service user was doused with water fully clothed, left outside on a cold March day and left shivering on theRead More Preventing Workplace Violence Essay4918 Words   |  20 Pagesand ourselves. The ability to identify which workplaces have a higher risk factor then others will be to our benefit and add to our effectiveness as an administrator. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) defines workplace violence as any physical assault, threatening behavior or verbal abuse occurring in the work setting. It includes but is not limited to beatings, stabbings, suicides, shootings, rapes, near suicides, and psychological traumas, such as threats, obsceneRead MoreSafety and Hazards in Oil and Gas Industry4535 Words   |  19 Pages Occupational Hazards What is? An occupational hazard is a thing or situation with the potential to harm a worker. Occupational hazards can be divided into two categories: safety hazards that cause accidents that physically injure workers, and health hazards which result in the development of disease. It is important to note that a hazard only represents a potential to cause harm. Whether it actually does cause harm will depend on circumstances Risk and Hazard The hazard posed by some materialRead MoreSafety and Hazards in Oil and Gas Industry4544 Words   |  19 Pagesoil. Occupational Hazards What is? An occupational hazard is a thing or situation with the potential to harm a worker. Occupational hazards can be divided into two categories: safety hazards that cause accidents that physically injure workers, and health hazards which result in the development of disease. It is important to note that a hazard only represents a potential to cause harm. Whether it actually does cause harm will depend on circumstances Risk and Hazard The hazard posed by some materialRead MoreUnderstanding Specific Needs- Health and Social Care Related Essay5310 Words   |  22 Pagespeople have of health, disability, illness and behaviour in a health and social care context. It will also look into and explain how attitudes towards individuals with specific needs and perceptions of those needs change over time and differ between cultures. I will then analyse how legislation, society, culture and social policy interact to influence attitudes toward and service development for individuals with specific needs. The World Health Organisation (WHO, 1946) describes health as ‘a state

Essay about Howard Stern - 1891 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;How might one explain Howard Stern? Yes, he is a refreshing change from the typical, politically correct figure, and he provides humor and sex for late night audiences who are growing weary of Leno and Letterman. And while Howard Stern, shock jock turned television host, is more on the same wavelength as a Jerry Springer than a late night comic, Stern has always claimed--like Jerry--that his show is just an act. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The idea that Howard Stern could come close--but not too close--to naked women on his television show, might have created the impression that this was just an act after all. He would say things that any other husband could not get away with, and it was okay, because it†¦show more content†¦Although he has achieved remarkable success for an unremarkable act, he is obviously not happy in his personal life. What Stern continues to do is to integrate his radio persona with real life and in some ways, he cannot separate the two. What most people know about Sterns one big mistake had nothing to do with a lesbian bimbo getting too close, but rather his talking about Alisons miscarriage on the air. That is what most know about Howard Stern. His life has been aired in the film Private Parts and he tells the world how he feels every day. While he is flamboyant, and pushes the envelope, one thing is true. Howard Stern is at least consistent. What does this mean ? While Stern on one hand objectifies women on the show, and then talks about his wife lovingly, that is a contradiction. But he maintains that this act is just that and both parts of that personality co-exist. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many wonder why the show is still on the air as it is somewhat offensive and really does nothing new, even as the years go by. Ratings had in fact dropped for this successful host, but they soon picked up again. Donovan reported that while Sterns Saturday night show had been in the doldrums, the marital breakup had helped ratings (Donovan 226). But one question remains. What will Stern do now that he is on available again? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;That is not an easy one to answer.Show MoreRelated Howard Stern Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Howard Stern has been labeled as many things, such as offensive, obnoxious, discussing and by the majority of his listeners a genius. He grew up in a suburb of Manhattan in the early sixties. His father, Ben Stern, worked at radio station WHOM where the was the engineer. His father commuted every day about 40 miles to and from work. Howard would spend little time with his father but on occasion he would get to go to work with him. This is what interested Howard to beingRead MoreEssay about Censorship In Radio1334 Words   |  6 Pagesare. If you are tagged by the FCC anything the broadcaster does or says is monitored and picked over and fined.( Howard stern. King Of All Media.165-166 ) The FCC has been picking on Howard Stern for years, they singled Howard for doing â€Å"trash radio†. But according to Stern other programs are saying or doing the same if not worse things than he is. Stern tells of when Geraldo said (Stern Miss America. 526-530.) in a show about the Mennendez brothers being molested for doing something wrong. â€Å"Hell,Read MoreEssay on Censorship in Television and Radio3028 Words   |  13 Pages6, decided to focus our attention on censorship in television and on the radio. We showed most of the attention to the Janet Jackson incident in Super Bowl 38 when looking at television, and for radio, focused on the FCC and disc jockeys like Howard Stern. Here are the television articles as done by three of ou r group members. If there is a single most important event that happened in television that caused major ramifications, it would be the Janet Jackson’s â€Å"wardrobe malfunction† during theRead MoreBusiness Proposal For Sirius Satellite Radio Inc Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pages(Sirius) According to Radio Ink, the largest deal so far was announced on October 6, 2004 when Sirius announced that it signed a five-year, $100 million agreement with Howard Stern to move his radio show, The Howard Stern Show, to Sirius starting January 9, 2006. This deal gave Sirius exclusive rights to Stern’s radio show but also gave Stern the right to build three full-time programming channels. (Radio Ink) According to Sirius, one cornerstone of their business strategy has been to pursue exclusiveRead MoreSnapple Case Study1025 Words   |  5 Pagesthat serviced the cold-chain of food services, gas stations and the like. As for the marketing side, Snapple had established a spokesmodel, Wendy Kaufma n, who became the quirky Snapple personality. This lead the brand to sponsor radio programs of Howard Stern and Rush Limbaugh. The Snapple brand became fashionable and unconventional and at the same time natural and real. Snapple became the leading brand of the Alternative beverage category. In 1992, the founders sold control of Snapple to Thomas HRead More Satellite Radio and Howard Stern Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pages Satellite Radio: Will Howard Sterns move make us change the way we think about radio? Howard Sterns plan to move to satellite radio in January 2006 marks a major turning point for the radio industry. Not only has Stern brought the  possibility of subscribing to satellite radio into the minds of the millions in his audience, he has also gotten more people to start thinking and talking about what really distinguishes satellite radio from traditional radio. Satellite radio was first authorizedRead MoreMy Thoughts On The Girl Front Of A Mirror1875 Words   |  8 PagesThe Howard Stern Show, and they’re gonna give me test shots, and tell what they think, and recommend me to Playboy! My mind suddenly felt dry and the room grew very small. The words stung the air like tiny sparks. Letter. Howard Stern. Playboy. I tried as hard as I could to understand what it was that she was saying, but my mind couldn t even begin to process it. Then luckily the feminist in me broke free from my mind s temporary stupor. Are you out of you ever loving mind! Howard Stern, you’reRead MoreI Am An Avid Howard Stern Watcher / Listener And Robin Quivers1388 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience any of the emotional breakdown the book described for days 5-7. Which incidentally I read the book completely. Way to many testamonials in there. I wanted to try this diet because everything else I have tried has failed and I am an avid Howard Stern watcher/listener and Robin Quivers kept bragging about it. I had numerous questions and emailed Dr. Roni and group countless times each time their answers were very vague and not helpful to which I finally said I realize I am not a famous personRead MoreRogerian Argument1389 Words   |  6 Pagesdrafted straight out of high school. Lebron James, Kobe Bryant, and Dwight Howard are just a few examples. Even though, as of 2006, the NBA eligibility rule states that a player entering the NBA draft must be at least nineteen years old and a year removed from high school, it is still a huge debate in the sports world of whether or not this rule is the right choice. Before the rule was set in place, NBA commissioner David Stern said, â€Å"We have the right to set an age limit in the collective bargainingRead MoreSnapple Case Study1175 Words   |  5 Pageseasily recognizable to many people: â€Å"Schnapple†, by Ivan Lendl. When the brand began using Wendy Kaufman, a real person living a real life, as their spokes model the wildfire began nationwide. She made appearances on David Letterman and Oprah, and Howard Stern and Rush Limbaugh became avid supporters of the beverage brand. Place: This aspect of the Four P’s was particularly important in the Snapple case. The proximity to New York City proved beneficial in the marketing business aspect. Access to a

Ethical and Quality Control Requirements System

Question: Discuss about the Ethical and Quality Control Requirements System. Answer: Introduction: Ethical issues refer to a problem that requires the organization to identify the alternatives by evaluating the right situation or wrong situation. Organizational sustainability and growth also depends on the ethical behavior within the organization, which is considered as an integral component of the business activity. In general, the business organizations incorporates ethical issues with respect to integrity issues, trust issues, issues on diversification for product manufacturing or business unit, issues on making business decisions as well as organizational governance issues (Weiss 2014). In the present case, Ethical Hemp Ltd that was incorporated in the year 2005 and founded by Saffron Banksia and Esme Acacia found to have faced certain ethical issues that affected the analysis of true financial position of the business during the year 2016. One of the basic ethical issues identified in the present case is fundamental issues with respect to the integrity and trust within the business organization. As per the regulatory framework for business ethics, it is essential for the organizations to maintain honesty and fair means to operate the business activities (Apesb.org.au 2017). In the given case, the directors of the company Saffron and Esme appointed a part- time employee Tasma as a community engagement officer who was given the authority to spend the money on community projects as per she deems fit. Considering the regulatory framework of business organizations, it is against the business ethical regulations to provide the authority to a part time employee for spendi ng the organization funds. Second ethical issue that has been identified in the present case is issues on making business decisions for the consent given to Andy for employing junior accountants within the organizations (Shafer 2015). It has been noted that Andy was unable to monitor each aspects of the companys business hence he appointed two junior accountants in accordance with the boards consent given to Andy on employing subordinates. However, Andy appointed two employees for the profile of accounting while one of the employees had no experience on accounting while the other employee was a law professional but handled the work of preparing financial statements. Accordingly, it can be said that the company involved in the ethical issues for making business decisions since the employment of a person with no experience in accounting. Third ethical issue involves in the present case is compliance and governance issue with respect to the monetary reporting and other fiscal laws. It has been observed that the accountants of the company did not prepare appropriate notes on accounts for preparing draft financial statements. In addition, bank statements and other statutory documents also not presented during the board meeting which is considered as significant document for making business decisions. Further, it was found that the company had spent excess amount of fund for expansion of proposed project in European region which was not authorized by the members of the board (Dellaportas et al. 2014). Accordingly, in the present case ethical Hemp Ltd found to be associated with the ethical issues governance and regulatory compliance for not preparing and reporting the financial statements as per the regulations of accounting framework. In the present situation, Andy as well as the directors of the company Saffron Banksia and Esme Acacia can be said to have ethical issues for not being responsible to consider the compliance of relevant principles. Fundamental principles of professional conduct contained in APESB 110 breached by the concerned party As identified in the above requirement, ethical issues on business decisions can be said to be more significant which involves Andys decision on employing junior accountants as well as providing them with the major responsibilities. According to the regulations of APESB 110 on Code of ethics for Professional Accountants a member is required to follow the fundamental principles while conducting professional activities. APESB 110 states that each professional is required to follow the principles of integrity, objectivity, professional competence and due care, confidentiality as well as professional behavior (Apesb.org.au 2017). Considering the ethical issue in the present situation, two essential fundamental principles that have been breached are professional behavior and due care as well as professional behavior (Craft 2013). Professional Competence and due care as per section 130 APESB 110 refers to the fundamental principle by which professional members are obligated to maintain the knowledge as well as skills of their profession. According to section 130 under APESB code 110, members are required to possess adequate knowledge of the profession to ensure the clients receive the professional service at competent level (Apesb.org.au 2017). It is essential for the members to act persistently as per the professional standards as well as technical standards while providing services to the organizations and clients (Thibodeau and Freier 2014). Accordingly, in the present situation, Andy violated the fundamental principle of professional competence by appointing inexperienced accountants and provided them the authority for making critical decisions. According to the principles of APESB 110, professional member is required to oblige professional behavior while performing the services which relates to compliance of relevant legislations and regulations (Apesb.org.au 2017). It is essential that a member should not omit to follow the professional standards together with providing the relevant and specific facts to protect the adverse effect on the business organization (Sanusi and Izedonmi 2014). In the given situation, Andy breached the fundamental principle of professional behavior under section 150 since he appointed inexperienced employees for the role of accountant and imposed the critical work part on them (Spence and Carter 2014). It has been noted that the junior accountants presented incomplete financial drafts in the board meeting while Andy remained absent during the meeting. Accordingly, it can be said that Andy did not perform his services by maintaining professional behavior as he himself was responsible to check the c orrectness of financial statement notes and other statutory documents. Ethical course of action In the course of business and profession, it is essential to maintain the professional ethics and due diligence while performing desired services to the clients or organization. The member under the profession as professional accountant is required to follow code of conduct as a responsibility to perform activities for public interest. It is to be noted that the responsibility of professional member is not limited to comply the needs of respective clients or organization but extended to the benefits of public. Accordingly, member as a professional accountant is required to possess the fundamental principles of professional ethics while evaluating the significance and level of acceptance (Ge, Simnett and Zhou 2016). As per the regulations of section 320 under APESB 110, a member responsible to prepare the financial statements of the organization is required to ensure that the relevant accounting standards and principles has been complied with. It is essential for the member to ensure that the financial statements clearly describe the correct nature of transactions including assets and liabilities (Apesb.org.au 2017). Classification and presentation together with the accurate facts and notes to support the valuation should be presented in all material aspects should be done to ensure the transparency of the financial statements of the company (Han Fan, Woodbine and Cheng 2013). Accordingly, in the present case, Andy should have maintained the ethical issues and code of conduct as a professional accountant while performing services within Ethical Hemp Ltd. Considering the first action of Andy for appointing junior accountants, the significant ethical course of action would be examine the accounting experience of the Helen whereas appointment of Conrad should not have been accepted. Secondly, after the appointment, Andy should have guided and trained Conrad and Helen, since both of the junior accountants were inexperienced. Andy himself should have reviewed the work of both the accountants ensuring the principles of professional competence and due care has been complied with. It was Andys responsibility to examine the performance of junior accountants instead of letting them take critical decisions with respect to business operations. In addition, while preparing the draft financial statements for the board meeting during the period January 2017, Andy should have examined the draft financial statements ensuring the inclusion of appropriate notes. Andy should have checked the compliance of accounting framework with respect to the proper presentation of transaction details, classification and support evidence that is bank statements and other statutory documents. Further, statement showing changes in equity is considered to be an integral part of financial statements as per accounting standards, which was not presented by the junior accountants. Hence, Andy should have examined the draft financial statements before presenting it before the board to ensure the inclusion of all relevant information. Analysis of recommended course of action for meeting the principles of professionalism as per the regulations of APESB 110 Regulations of APESB 110 code of ethics for professional accountants states the fundamental principles every professional member is required to follow while providing professional services (Apesb.org.au 2017). The foremost principles of professionalism include integrity which refers to the honesty and fairness while conducting business or professional relationships. In the above case, if Andy would examine the professional competence and experience of junior accountants, principle of integrity have been met. The principle of professionalism incorporates objectivity which is considered to avid interest conflicts, biasness as well as undue influence for making professional judgments (Kipping and Kirkpatrick 2013). Therefore, examining the professional competence, knowledge and skills of Helen and Conrad would have covered the principles of objectivity while preparing the financial statements and considering other critical business decisions. It has been observed that both the junior ac countants were inexperienced and were given the authority for taking critical and significant business decision. Accordingly, Andy failed to comply the principle with respect to the professional competence and due diligence since he did not analyze the expertise of the accountants and imposed the critical business activities on them (Henderson et al. 2015). Professionalism principle in terms of professional competence is required to follow by the members for conducting services in accordance to the relevant legislations and accounting standards (Hurtt et al. 2013). Hence, for appointment of junior accountants if Andy examined the experience of Helen and Conrad then, the principle of due diligence and professional competence would have been met. In order to prepare financial statements and other business services, it is essential to avoid potential conflicts that affect the growth of organization as well as transparency in reporting the financial results. Inexperienced employees as accountants cannot be regarded as professionally competent for considering the significant business decisions, preparation of financial statements and presentation of the reports before the board meeting (Barkemeyer et al. 2014). Accordingly, Andy has been recommended to examine and review the accounting reports prepared by the accountants as an ethical course of action which is considered to have met the principle of professionalism as per APESB 110. According to section 320, professional member is required follow several requirements for preparing and reporting financial information to evaluate the business performance, financial position and necessary business decisions. Therefore, the accounting framework and APESB 110 regulations states that the professional member must ensure the presentation of transaction details, valuation details of assets and liabilities is present in the financial reporting (Apesb.org.au 2017). In addition, the member must ensure that the financial information has been appropriately classified in accordance with the time and nature of the business (Fatemi, Hasseldine and Hite 2014). Therefore, as an experienced professional accountant, Andy should have assessed the draft financial reports presented by the junior accountants to comply with the regulations of section 320 under APESB 110. It is essential to meet the standards of ethics while providing professional services to maintain the social and publi c interest together with the benefits to the business entity (Soltani and Maupetit 2015). Hence, Andy has been responsible to measure the compliance of relevant legislations and standards while reporting financial information in the board meeting which would affect the decision making process of the business. Therefore the ethical course of action for analyzing the work of junior accountants, analysis of relevant notes and bank invoices would serve the purpose of meeting professionalism principles. Reference List Apesb.org.au. 2017. Accounting Professional and Ethical Standards Board. [online] Available at: https://www.apesb.org.au [Accessed 11 Mar. 2017]. Barkemeyer, R., Holt, D., Preuss, L. and Tsang, S., 2014. What happened to the developmentin sustainable development? Business guidelines two decades after Brundtland.Sustainable Development,22(1), pp.15-32. Craft, J.L., 2013. A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 20042011.Journal of Business Ethics,117(2), pp.221-259. Dellaportas, S., Kanapathippillai, S., Khan, A. and Leung, P., 2014. Ethics education in the Australian accounting curriculum: A longitudinal study examining barriers and enablers.Accounting Education,23(4), pp.362-382. Fatemi, D., Hasseldine, J. and Hite, P., 2014. The impact of professional standards on accounting judgments: The role of availability and comparative information.Research in Accounting Regulation,26(1), pp.26-39. Ge, Q., Simnett, R. and Zhou, S., 2016. Ethical and Quality Control Requirements When Undertaking Assurance Engagements. Han Fan, Y., Woodbine, G. and Cheng, W., 2013. A study of Australian and Chinese accountants attitudes towards independence issues and the impact on ethical judgements.Asian Review of Accounting,21(3), pp.205-222. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hurtt, R.K., Brown-Liburd, H., Earley, C.E. and Krishnamoorthy, G., 2013. Research on auditor professional skepticism: Literature synthesis and opportunities for future research.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,32(sp1), pp.45-97. Kipping, M. and Kirkpatrick, I., 2013. Alternative pathways of change in professional services firms: The case of management consulting.Journal of Management Studies,50(5), pp.777-807. Sanusi, B. and Izedonmi, P.F., 2014. Nigerian commercial banks and creative accounting practices.Journal of Mathematical Finance,2014. Shafer, W.E., 2015. Ethical climate, social responsibility, and earnings management.Journal of Business Ethics,126(1), pp.43-60. Soltani, B. and Maupetit, C., 2015. Importance of core values of ethics, integrity and accountability in the European corporate governance codes.Journal of Management Governance,19(2), pp.259-284. Spence, C. and Carter, C., 2014. An exploration of the professional habitus in the Big 4 accounting firms.Work, Employment and Society,28(6), pp.946-962. Thibodeau, J.C. and Freier, D., 2014.Auditing and accounting cases: Investigating issues of fraud and professional ethics. McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Incorporated. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

The catcher in the rye and the stranger Essay Example For Students

The catcher in the rye and the stranger Essay Holden Caulfield and Mersault have both been alienated in their worlds as the authorshave so clearly portrayed in both books. But as much as both have been alienated, one isan essentialist while the other remains an existentialist. Holden Caulfield being theessentialist that he is, has psychological motivation for every action he takes. He is ateenager that is struggling with the fact that everyone has to grow up, which to himmeans that you have to become phony or corrupt.While on the other hand Mersault,the existentialist, does things for no reason whatsoever. He is a completely aloof,unattached , unemotional person. He doesnt think much about events or theirconsequences, nor does he express much feeling in relationships or during emotionaltimes. We will write a custom essay on The catcher in the rye and the stranger specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The similarities between Holden and Mersault are the way they are both in asense alienated from the worlds in which they live in. Holden Caulfield believes that alladults are phony so he doesnt want to become one and so he distances himself from theadult world. He feels that when youre a child you view the world without any bias, yousee everything for what it is. So to stay a child he constantly flunks out of schools backand forth. When you graduate from highschool you are going to the next level whether itbe college or whatever else you want to do, everyone around you will view you as anadult and you yourself will become one. After highschool, most people tend to grow upbut Caulfield is keeping himself in highschool so that he doesnt. In the beginning of the book, Holden sees everyone he knows as phony. Hefeels that he is surrounded by hypocrites in a school filled with fakery. PrincipalThurmur, the principal of Holdens high school of which he got kicked out of, Pencey,was the leade r of the whole charade. During a teacher/parent day, Principal Thurmurwould only say hello to the wealthy parents of students. He would not associate himself with those that were not financially stable, because he was fake. So taking into accountthe way his principal is, it just adds on to his hatred of adults and fear of becoming one. Mersault on the other hand, gets alienated from the society in which he lives inwhich is still the one we live in today. Mersault shows no feelings towards the thingsthat happen to him or the things he does. His own mother died and when he asked hisboss for two days off he was wondering if his boss was mad at the fact he took a four dayweekend. He even went as far as to tell his boss that it wasnt his fault. Mersault rarelyshows any feeling in situations which would, for most people, elicit strong emotions likein his relationship with Marie Cardona. She asked him to marry her and he respondedthat it doesnt matter to him, and if she wants to get married he would agree. She alsoasked him if he loved her and he responded that marriage isnt such a serious thing anddoesnt require love. In our society, a person like Mersault who shows no feeling is likely to berejected. Towards the end of the book, Mersault kills an Arab for no reason whatsoever. During the trial, he is unwilling to lie about the killing of the Arab. Words/ Pages : 564 / 24

Expansion in American History essays

Expansion in American History essays The expansion that took place in America in the early twentieth-century in many ways was a a departure from previous the expansion of the previous century. On the most basic level, the land to be acquired was different. No more uninhabited (or nearly uninhabited considering the Indians) tracts of contiguous land remained to be gobbled up and made into states. The territories in question were now islands in the Caribbean and south Pacific, areas with established governments seemingly unsuitable for state hood, bringing up another departure. America now focused more on spreading its influence through the western hemisphere, ensuring that it maintained a stronger presence than its old world competitors, than on simply adding more acres to the Union. Despite these significant changes, the root motivations for expansion - protection of U.S. intrests and economic growth - remained the same from one century to the next. Thomas Jeffersons Louisiana purchase opened up a golden era for westward expansion, and the territories gained from France would prove vital to Americas economic future. As textile, steel and oil industries began to boom so did the need for the raw materials grown and mined in the west. The government, in order to feed the growing industries with the needed ore, oil or crops, encouraged expansion with the Homestead Act and subsidized rail road companies laying down track into this new frontier. Expansion had contributed to U.S. becoming the economic super power that it did, and now the continuation of such prosperity would raise a demand for expansion. Americans must now look outward. The growing production demands it, Cried Alfred Mahan (document C). Arguing that if America were to compete with the imperialist activities of the European powers, depicted in Thomas Nast's cartoon as plundering thieves, and control trade through the western hemispher ...

Furloughs In Place of Layoffs

Furloughs In Place of Layoffs Free Online Research Papers Abstract Many organizations are turning to furloughs as an option over layoffs. In the short-term, furlough will optimize the cost of productivity while closing the budget gap. In the long-term, the organization is saving because they are able to keep their top employees and not have to hire and re-train staff. In our current time of economic crisis, furlough is an optimal choice for reducing costs and maintaining the integrity of the organization in the least invasive aspect. Executive Summary Are furloughs an optimal option over layoffs in order to reduce a deficit? I currently work at the University of California, San Diego which is part of the implementation for furloughs in an attempt to reduce the deficit without increasing the unemployment rate in California. Currently the state of California is in a 26 billion dollar deficit and climbing, and has resulted in furloughs for state employees. Furlough’s are defined as the placing of an employee in a temporary non-duty, non-pay status because of lack of work or funds, or other non-disciplinary reasons (Bellafronto Cleveland, 2009). In the current difficult economic times many employers are being forced to make difficult decisions to keep their businesses viable, including laying off employees to reduce payroll costs. More employers, however, are considering alternatives to layoffs. These alternatives allow employers to retain staff, particularly top talent and employees with institutional knowledge (Bellafronto Cleveland, 2009). Employers understand that keeping tenured and often loyal employees employed in anticipation of an inevitable upswing in the economy will also reduce the need to re-hire and re-train personnel which is a very costly and timely endeavor (Heathfield, 2009). Although reducing employee salaries may be an easy solution to an economical crisis, such reductions are often discarded as too demoralizing and often leads to employees looking for new employers. In order to avoid losing valued employees, many employers are attempting to reduce labor costs without layoffs are considering two alternatives: 1) mandatory furloughs and 2) reduced work hours. When done correctly, these can result in cost savings, but there are important legal considerations to keep in mind. This paper will discuss the economical impact of furloughs (Bellafronto Cleveland, 2009). Definition Employee furloughs is a mandatory time off work with no pay. Usually furloughs are implemented as an alternative to a layoff. Employee furloughs can occur in both public and private sector organizations (Heathfield, 2009). Furloughs are often implemented when revenue or projected revenue fails to match expenses. Currently, the state of California, is in a budget crisis and there is a mandatory employee furlough being implemented amongst all state employees. At the UC system all 10 campuses are required to take a mandatory furlough or pay cut. During mandatory employee furloughs, employees are required to take unpaid or partially paid time off of work for periods of time (Heathfield, 2009). The employees generally have either scheduled time off or a set amount of days required to be taken off per month or throughout the fiscal year (Bellafronto Cleveland, 2009).. To schedule employees with a contract, including union-represented employees, for employee furloughs, the contract must be renegotiated. The negotiations about employee furloughs generally include a call-back date (Heathfield, 2009). In the state of California the UC school system gave each university the option between mandatory furlough and reduced salary. All of the UC’s individually held town meetings to hear the voice of the employees to analyze what the employees preferred. The employees voted and pushed for a furlough instead of a cut in salary. Although the furlough does ultimately result in a reduced salary, it is demoralizing to have employees work the same amount of hours for reduced pay. As an employee of the UC system, I also voted for the furlough. I strongly believe that it is easier to accept a non-paid day off than a reduction in salary. Fortunately, during employee furloughs, benefits usually continue, which is one of the employee furloughs differentiating factors from a layoff. In addition, other companies have implemented work sharing programs. Work sharing is an Unemployment Insurance program that allows an employer to reduce the number of hours an employee works during a week while unemployment compensation makes up some of the difference in income. Since the current issue is that the state is in a budget deficit, utilizing unemployment would not be cost efficient for the state (Heathfield, 2009). Factors or Costs According to the UC President Mark G. Yudof, effective July 16th, 2009, the UC Board of Regents approved a systemwide furlough as part of a plan to offset $813 million in state funding reductions for the 2008-09 and 2009-10 fiscal years. The furlough is viewed as a short-term solution to close the deficit and manage the budgets under the new budget for the upcoming fiscal year. If the furlough is successful, the university will be able to remove the furloughs and ensure long-term success. Although the university is optimistic about the furlough, it is demoralizing and difficult for the employees to endure. In the current economical situation, and with the constant news of businesses laying off employees, UC employees are appreciative to have a furlough in lieu of a mass layoff. Most California business are amidst a human resources hire freeze, and it is difficult to obtain new jobs. The hire freeze amongst other corporations gives the UC an increase market power. Although, we are amidst a furlough, the furlough is only applicable to non-federally paid employees. The UC campus is made up of both federal and state funds. Fortunately, the furlough is only applicable to state funded employees, such being the case that the federal funded research programs are still very much thriving and now have market power with regards to hiring highly qualified applicants. According to our human resources department, for each job opening we have over 300 applicants and most of the applicants are over qualified but in the current economy are willing to take any job. The university is able to obtain a highly qualified candidate for a lower salary. The federal research funds are an important revenue source for the UC system. These funds are released to the UC along with a 54.5% indirect cost rate that is associated with every dollar spent. For example for every $500,000 that is awarded to the university, $272,500 is allocated as indirect costs. Indirect are allocated as funds are spent, therefore, for every dollar spent 54.5% is revenue for the university. It was a wise decision to exclude the federal research funds of the furlough, because in the end the university would lose revenue and if the funds are not spent by the time allotted, the funds are to be returned to the government. In addition, it is calculated that for every 1 million dollars awarded by the federal government, 17 jobs are created. Measurement According to the UC California Budget News (2009), the UC system faces an unprecedented $813 million deficit in state support. The furlough plan is part of a system wide strategy to address the deficit. In an effort to lessen the hardship on employees, the UC has devised a plan is based on a sliding scale. Employees who have higher salaries will have a larger number of furlough days and a correspondingly higher salary reduction. Salary reductions range from 4 -10 percent. The UC President estimates that the furlough implementation will produce a savings that is estimated to cover about one-quarter of the universities budget gap. On a personal note, I will incur 16 furlough days which is equivalent to a 6% salary cut (UCSD, 2009) In addition to the furloughs, the university also plans to increase student fees in order to eliminate another quarter of the budget gap. All of the departments have been given strict guidelines for immediate debt restructuring, drastic cuts in spending on campuses and within the Office of the President will make up the remainder of the budget gap (UCSD, 2009). Analysis Implementing a furlough is a way to reduce expenses in order to close the budget gap. In doing so, employers are able to keep their staff, and will save money in the long-term as well as the short-term. Hiring new staff is very expensive and not cost-efficient, there are costs associated with training, background checks and it often takes a minimum of 6 months for an employee to get caught up to speed with the other employees. The furlough is a more favorable option to layoffs for employees as well as employers. Although the employees are required to take mandatory furlough days, the workload or demand is not decreasing. The university is constantly in high demand with regards to education as well as research. We are now facing the issue of supply, where supply is the laborers needed to run the university. There are a lot more expectations given to employees who have to do the same amount of work in less demand, and this could affect the productivity of the university. Summary In summary, furloughs are an optimal option over layoffs when used to reduce a deficit. Cost analysis have shown that furloughs are both a short-term as well as a long-term solution to budgetary deficits. The UC system proved to be a great example of an organization that is using this options in order to maintain productivity as well as maintaining the integrity of the UC system. References Maurice, S. Thomas, C. (2008). Managerial Economics, 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Bellafronto, E. Cleveland B. (March 5, 2009). Furloughs may be smarter than layoffs. Legal times. Heathfield, S. (2009). Employee Furloughs. About.com http://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryf/g/furlough.htm UCSD. (July, 2009). University of California Budget News. universityofcalifornia.edu/budget/?page_id=87 Research Papers on Furloughs In Place of LayoffsMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaLifes What IfsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Project Managment Office SystemNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceOpen Architechture a white paperResearch Process Part One

Maimonides Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Maimonides - Research Paper Example He was regarded as one of the popular Jewish Philosophical figures from the medieval ages. He was also a great â€Å"Torah† (name given by the Jews to the first five books of Bible) scholar and a well-known physician. Mimonides was born in Cordova, Spain on Passover eve (a unique fast day in Judiasm) in 1135 and died in Egypt (Tiberias) on 20th Tevet (fourth month of Hebrew calendar), December 12, 1204.Besides Maimonides, Cordova was also the birthplace of Avveros (Davidson 7-9). His father â€Å"Maimon†, was the direct descendent of the King David. Maimon served as a judge in the city’s Rabbinical Court. His mother passed away soon after his birth (Mangel). Maimonides was born during the age which is considered by many scholars as the end of the golden period of Jewish culture in the IberismPennisula after passage of first few years of Moorish rule. Muslim rule was established in Cordova and it stood and served as one of the greatest intellectual centers of the world at that point of time (Stroumsa 65). However as reported by Jacobs and Broyde, the situation took a turn and the events became worse when the Almohads invaded in 1148. They offered the local non-Muslims to choose either between Islam or else exile. Otherwise, they will be executed if they would not follow any one of the given alternatives. The family of Maimonides had to leave Cordova forcefully and after wandering here and there for so many years, they at last get settled in Fez, Morroco in 1160. In Morroco, they were unknown to the local authorities which supported them to pass as Muslims.There Maimonides studied at the University of Al-Karaouine.At that time, he started to work on his first religious master piece, â€Å"Commentary on Mishnah†. However, this dual life was increasingly threatening as the Maimonides’ popularity was growing steadily and the higher authorities were investigating regarding the religious disposition of this highly intellectual and gifted young man.  The ongoing inquiry had caused him to be charged with the crime of having reverted from Islam due to the evidenceprovided by an informer. But, due to the intervention of a Muslim friend, he remained successful in escaping the situation. However, these circumstances caused his family once again to leave Fez in 1165 and spent life in search of some shelter. Afterwards, they started their journey and went to Acre, to Jerusalem, and then to Fustat (Cairo), where they settled themselves in 1166 (Jacobs &Broyde). In Egypt, Maimonides had to face a number of misfortunes right in the starting years. Jacobs and Broyde had mentioned in their article that his father, Mai mon had died during that period too. After the demise of his father, his brother â€Å"David†had taken the responsibility of supporting the family by trading of precious stones. His financial support had provided Maimonides with the comfort of continuing and devoting himself to study Torah and author his first scholarly work on the Mishnah which started in 1166 and finished in 1168. This work of Maimonides was established as a seminal work in the Jewish Law. But it was not the end of losses for Maimonides, as his brother got perished in the sea in 1171. With his brother, his own fortune along with the large sums of other traders that had been entrusted upon David, were also lost with him. That event had affected the health of Maimonides and he remained sick for a long time span. After recovering his

Diagnostic Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diagnostic Writing - Essay Example The patriarchal society was created by men to maintain a dominant position in the society that restricts the role of women in any decision making and promotes a set of rules for their conduct and actions, both within the family and outside the family environment. The women are denied the basic right for self expression and empowerment of women has increasingly become a major issue for the societies at large. Later, when the women, especially those coming from lower strata of society and from black community, started sharing work with their counterparts, they were denied their rightful wages and status. Truth’s speech in 1851 at Ohio’s Women’s Rights Convention, is a persuasive text that question’s the society’s moral right to deny the women equal rights when they have shown that they are capable of working alongside men, in every field. In her speech, Truth has pointed out that though women, in general, have been denied equal rights and decision powers but the ‘black’ women have even been stripped of their gender identity and denied the basic minimum respect that ‘white’ women command! She has been highly critical of system that lets the ‘black’ woman do the work of men but when it comes to recognizing them at par with the men, there is no hesitation in highlighting the gender discrimination. It is but for a woman, Mary, that ‘Jesus our God’ was born so how can a society morally deny the women any rights? She says that she has worked like a man, borne lashes and at times, even done better than them. At the same, she has borne and reared children who were sold into slavery in front them and still she has not been accorded the status of either a woman or equal partner! She has exhorted the women to fight collectively for their rights because ‘if the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to

Magnesium calcium lithium, Sodium, and Potassium Essay Example for Free

Magnesium calcium lithium, Sodium, and Potassium Essay In this lab, six different metals were tested for their reactivity in water. From less reactive to most reactive, the metals were as follows: Aluminum, Magnesium, Calcium, Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium. A pattern found in the periodic table explaining the reactivity of metals is the further down in a family, and the further left in a period, the more reactive the metal will be. Aluminum and Magnesium were both the less reactive. Neither of the metals produced hydrogen, or not enough to have a positive test to prove it was there. Metals + H O H + Metal Hydroxide Calcium gave off a large amount of Hydrogen gas. Lighting a splint, placing it in the test tube, and hearing a loud pop proved this. When the calcium was placed in the water, it caused the temperature to rise to such a high level it was not possible to hold with bare hands. This could be because the electrons are moving so quickly that it causes the temperature to rise. The calcium formed a white, powder-like precipitate at the bottom of the test tube. Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium all had very violent reactions in water. Phenolphthalein was added to the beakers after the metals had reacted, and the water turned a pink/ purple color proving that these metals make bases, and therefore have a pH between eight and. Common reactions between metals were they all formed hydrogen gas, even if it was a very small amount. Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium all tested positive to be a base with phenolphthalein, and all had an oily surface. A pattern found in the periodic table explaining the reactivity of metals is the further down in a family, and the further left in a period, the more reactive the metal will be. This is because the elements in period I, Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium, only have one valence electron, and it is quite simple to lose it. Also, the further down the family, the more the ionization energy decreases because of the shielding effect (the inner electrons block the attraction of the nucleus for outer electrons) and atomic radius (the greater the distance between the nucleus and the outer electron). However, the further to the right of the periodic table, the more the ionization energy increase because of the nuclear charge, electron arrangement ( an electron in a full of a half full energy level requires additional energy to be removed), and atomic radius. This explains why Aluminum was the least reactive, and Potassium was the most reactive.

To Kill A Mocking Bird :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

The theme of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mocking Bird is the existence of racism and prejudice in the 1930 – 40's. Harper Lee succeeds in presenting the topic in a manner that is not overly simplistic and thus achieves the task of allowing the reader to fully appreciate the complex nature of unjust discrimination. Harper Lee's inclusion of characters such as Tom Robinson, Boo Radley, Dolphus Raymond and many others, aid the reader to grasp the concept of racism and its central role in the town of Maycomb. To Kill a Mocking Bird is narrated retrospectively from the view of Scout, the daughter of Atticus Finch a lawyer of Maycomb, and younger sister of Jem. The informal vocabulary of the narration is still good enough to suggest it is spoken from the view of an adult Scout, (looking back at her childhood) but is casual enough to be understood by most readers. Maycomb's racist attitude in To Kill a Mocking Bird is fueled by the events which occurred soon after World War I. After a devastating stock market crash, many employers lost a substantial amount of money and therefore could hardly afford to hire staff. Many resorted to buying slaves; it was cheap and required little responsibility on their part. This event led to the employment of Negroes. The Industrial revolution did not occur in South America since it was only logical to simply buy slaves rather than expensive machinery. The civil war soon followed, and declared that Negroes were no longer considered slaves and if they were unhappy with work conditions they could leave. Few did, since jobs were already dangerously scarce and by about 1930 racism toward blacks was obvious. Negroes were accused of stealing the jobs of white people and this led to a system of separate public transport, schools and even drinking fountains. To Kill a Mocking Bird expresses the racist attitudes of Maycomb most dominantly in the court case involving Tom Robinson (who's lawyer is Atticus Finch) and Mayella Eule. The trial makes blatantly obvious to the reader that Tom Robinson, the black man accused of rape is innocent and yet the jury finds him guilty. It also establishes that Mayella was actually beaten by her father and although the evidence that points to this occurrence is circumstantial, it is made perfectly clear. The court case also clarifies to the reader the frightful nature and obvious abundance of racism within the small town of Maycomb.

The Lost Thing Belonging by Shaun Tan

â€Å"More than anything else, belonging is about finding a sense of place in the world. † Do you agree? Argue your point of view, referring to Shaun Tan’s â€Å"The Lost Thing†. Achieving a sense of place in the world, mentally and physically, allows an individual to feel an awareness of belonging – a feeling unobtainable through little else. Places where imagination and distinctiveness are condemned force those who adapt to live a dull reality that holds no challenges or freedom of thought. Minority groups are set apart from the majority, with the mainstream becoming blind to those who are excluded simply because they don’t fit society’s standards.Shaun Tan’s â€Å"The Lost Thing† explores a world that directly reflects society and its inability to accept indifferences. Through Tan’s use of film techniques such as tones, costuming, and camera shots, the audience is able to have an increased understanding of belonging an d the necessity of finding a sense of place in the world. Until an individual is able to find a place where they feel security and a sense of identity, they are unable to belong in the world. Conforming to a society that eradicates individuality and creativity results in a mundane existence without challenges and freethinking.The fundamental need to belong can consequently see many altering themselves in order to fit society and its perceptions. A monotone narrative voiceover introduces the premise of the film, as the young protagonist reveals his wavering ability to remember stories that use to humour and amaze. Amused by the irony of his reflection, â€Å"I used to know a whole lot of pretty interesting stories, some of them so funny you would laugh yourself unconscious†¦but I can’t remember any of those†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , the audience’s rapport with this character is immediately established.Sepia tones are juxtaposed with the bright colouration of the lost thing p ortraying a dichotomy between the industrialised world and the misplaced ‘Thing’. Curiosity and a sense of trepidation lure the protagonist and the audience simultaneously. A playful bell on the Lost Things tolls waking the creature, which is followed by an increased diegetic sound including a growl, further displaying Tan’s use of dichotomy to create a distinction between the mechanical aspects of the society that the ‘lost thing’ has found itself in and its own gentleness.Dull and uniformed costuming of the members in society highlights the suppression of individuality in a conformed society. Dirty off-white coloured prison-like uniforms with numbering imprinted on each uniform illuminates to the responder their imprisonment and insignificant existence. A mob of members of society is seen walking in one direction, together. This use of synchronized choreography exhibits their subconsciously controlled lives. Their robotic movement implies their los s of independent thought, forcing the responder to evaluate their own society.It becomes clear to the audience that more than anything, belonging is about finding a sense of place in the world encouraged by the use of these film techniques. As conforming is blatantly the prominent theme throughout Shaun Tan’s â€Å"The Lost Thing†, Tan expresses that following a society where imagination is lost can lead to mere existence rather than having purpose, yet the protagonist conforms nonetheless. Tan stresses that although conforming might not be ideal it is by doing this that an individual is able to gain a sense of place in the world and consequently feel as though they belong.The majority of society is blinded to the ostracised minority, as they don’t follow the preordained path. The protagonist in this short film only finds the lost thing by chance, while no one else pays attention to ‘the thing’, as they have lack of sight for things they don’ t ideally fit into their lives. An engaging panning shot around the ‘thing’ when the protagonist finds the ‘lost thing’ emphasizes the singularity of the ‘thing’ he has found, reflecting specific groups that don’t adhere to society’s perceptions of normality.The responder, consequently, is influenced to feel sympathetic towards those in society who don’t inherently know where they belong. Subtle allusion utilised when the protagonist goes to pick up what he believes will be a bottle top for his collection, but unintentionally discovers the thing, introduces the concept that individuals who have molded to society are blinded to any of their surroundings that don’t coincide with society’s expectations. It is implied to the audience that unless those that are different manage to intrude on the activities of popular society they would go unnoticed due to the subconsciously encouraged blindness.The audience is humo ured by the idea that due to his lack of sight the protagonist was unable to see the huge object that is soon discovered as the ‘thing’, but instead took notice of the small bell buried in the sand next to it, for which he probably mistook as a bottle top. This literal sightlessness is further enforced by the repetition of a specific line in the dialogue of the narrative voiceover, â€Å"†¦too busy doing other stuff I guess† that is used when talking about how the ‘lost thing’ or ‘things’ go unnoticed.Specifically the very last lines, â€Å"I see that kind of thing less and less these days†¦maybe I just stopped noticing, too busy doing other stuff I guess† leads the responder to assume that the protagonist has been absorbed into society and so has inadvertently gained that blindness, allowing him to be able to simply ignore the presence of the minority. Through this line, the responder is now left feeling sorry for not o nly the ‘lost thing’ but for the protagonist as well.Symbolic representation, or the presence of the street-like arrow signs elucidate that society believes there is a path you must take, except that the chaos and disorder of these signs in many of the scenes suggests that following one particular path is difficult and that you shouldn’t have to just follow one path when there are so many to choose from. The responder is forced to question how a society can decide what particular path everyone is meant to take if there are ultimately hundreds of options.The ludicrousness of conformity in a collective group of people is highlighted due to the use of this technique. Suppression of minority groups makes it difficult for the excluded to feel as if they belong. Through demonstrating that not belonging comes from feeling as if they have no place in the world Shaun Tan successfully instills the belief in the responder that without a possibility of belonging in a physica l place it is not possible to belong in any sense.Through finding a location where one can feel a sense of acceptance an individual can achieve belonging, more than anything else. Conforming to society, although not necessary or ideal, can allow an individual to gain this feeling, even if it means adapting to dull surroundings that lead to nothing more than a mundane existence. Suppressed groups find it difficult to belong as they have no ability to feel ‘at home’ in a location, but through understanding this it is possible to apprehend that it truly is a sense of place that allows a genuine sense of belonging.Shaun Tan uses many film techniques to successfully display these concepts and ensure the responder is able to also grasp them. Tan’s â€Å"The Lost Thing† ultimately displays a metaphoric world that reflects our own society and encourages us to question our own behaviours. More than anything else, belonging is about finding a true sense of place in the world.

Boy Scouts and Militarism

Boy scouts movements are what we can consider embedded in the culture of many countries. The appeal of this youth movement had captured the attention of young boys worldwide. The Boy Scout movement had built a decent reputation of rearing young boys with admirable characteristics. This gained reputation is the very basis why the Boy Scout movement had become the largest youth-based organization in the world. When people hear of the term â€Å"Boy Scouts†, they associate it much with camping and other fun activities.According to founder of the movement, Robert Baden-Powell, the activities of the Boy Scouts are focused on developing physical and mental fitness, camaraderie, character, and citizenship. The program of the Boy Scout movement claims to be designed to help young people to develop self-reliance, courage, and integrity, among many other admirable traits (Elleke 12-15). The truth behind those stereotypes would not be questioned. What this paper would delve on is what ma ny admirers may had overlooked regarding the nature and the origin of the of the most influential youth movement.Many critics had argued that the Boy Scout movement can find its roots as being militaristic in nature. The concept of militarism may sound too radical when aligned with the seemingly innocent movement, who talks about having fun while aiming towards being better persons. But of course, criticisms would not be heard of if they are lacking solid and convincing basis. If the nature of the origin of the Boy Scouts movement would be reviewed, the possibility of militarism could be easily disregarded. It is beyond question that the Boy Scout movement is promoting very ideal yet admirable concepts for youths.But since there is lots of evidence that suggests militaristic beginnings, this paper would argue, as a reiteration to the arguments of forerunners with the same argument: that it is undeniable that the Boy Scout movement had started as an interest group that is based much on militarism. To springboard this argument, there is no need to look far from the word â€Å"Boy Scouts. † The term â€Å"scouts† alone would ring a military function. The term would suggest military functions that are closely related to information gathering and reconnaissance.IF we give much thought on this term, we could relate it to the incorporation of outdoor activities (e. g. camping, trekking) to Boy Scout programs. The movement claims that those outdoor activities are for developing self-reliance and survival in the wild. It is hard to dismiss the notion that these kinds of activities have resemblances to military training. The question of where would Boy Scouts could use this kind of training would certainly intrigue critics. It appears that knowledge of survival in the outdoors is not as practical as the movement promotes.Knowledge of survival in the outdoors is much useful in the context of war. Militaristic Origins Scouting can be traced back from the tim e of Robert Baden-Powell, a British lieutenant- general who founded the Scouting Movement. It all started and happened during the Siege of Mafeking, Second Boer War. Baden-Powell recruited boys with ages 12- 15 years old whom he eventually trained. From this situation, he founded the Boy Scouts, which is clearly seen to be a product of a militaristic movement. The roots of British Boy Scouts, on the other hand, can be traced from its foundation in May 1909.The organization was actually composed through members of Scout troops in the Battersea District. Although lacking of financial and human power support, the organization survived through various ways of generating these two important resources. To gain financial assistance, the organization pursued to get initial funds through acquiring sponsors. The members used the weekly page of the paper Chums to generate funds from their sponsors. To gain more members, the foundation spread the news of their existence in other parts of the Un ited Kingdom.However, in October of that same year, the British Boy Scouts was reconciled with Baden-Powell’s headquarters. They became the allied organization of Baden-Powell with Sir Francis Vane giving his assurances. That time, he is the Commissioner of Baden-Powell London. One proof that the British Boy Scouts originated from a military orientation is the incident that happened the following month. It was November 1909 when Sir Francis Vane suddenly made a schism right after he was ousted by Baden- Powell from the Scout Association.The two men actually have opposing views regarding the militarism and bureaucracy. Vane made strong arguments regarding Baden- Powell’s militaristic and political leadership over his headquarters staff. Here, the British Boy Scouts proved their support to Sir Francis Vane. They came with Sir Francis Vane in his schism and chose him to be their leader. From this point, The British Boy Scouts expanded its connections and alliances through founding another organization in the early 1910—the National Peace Scouts. It was actually a joined organization with the Boy’s Life Brigade.From a small organization, the British Boy Scouts, late known as Brotherhood of British Scouts, expanded through forming some allies with other countries such as the United States, Hong Kong, Italy, South Africa, Australia, Indi, New Zealand, and South America. It was then called The Order of World Scouts in 1911. From a small organization, it expanded to 12 countries. (Jeal 428) However, The Order of World Scouts suddenly declined and eventually made its downfall when Sir Francis Vane got involved with bankruptcy, making the Brotherhood of British Scouts fell back as a domestic, small organization. The presence of militaristsIn 1910, fifty- six percent of the 250 Presidents and Commissioners, a total of 140 men, were identified as military officers, whether serving or retired (Springhall, 939-940). With this huge militaristic pr esence in the government, the Boys Scout Association can be given doubts as the organization that acts as front for further military ambitions. Involvement of the youth in war In Baden-Powell’s book entitled Scouting For Boys, one chapter discusses marksmanship which is said to be the same with patriotism (Baden-Powell 322). When World War 1 exploded, the scouts were used as auxiliary assistance of the war.Moreover, those who ages fifteen to seventeen could undergo special trainings in basic infantry techniques, entrenching, shooting, and signaling. In addition, a specific cadet corps called Mafeking Cadet Corps helped military missions through transmitting messages, decreasing the duties of the military men while providing the boys with something to do during the siege. The Mafeking Cadet Corps composed of young boys was of great help to the military during the siege in 1899 to 1990. Similarities to militarism The resemblances between the Boy Scout movement and groups with m ilitaristic nature are very striking indeed.The similarities between the two would go beyond similarities in their appearance. Boy Scouts are sporting uniforms that could only have been inspired by military uniforms. But more striking is the use of badges to determine ranks or seniority. The concept of â€Å"badges† could be interpreted as one of the drawbacks of the design of the program of the Boy Scout movement. Boy Scouts could be trained and condition to think that everything they do must translate to merits. This could be more than contradicting to the movement’s preamble that is seemingly altruistic.Many critics had posted the striking similarities, even in the design of Boy Scouting badges to those that the military forces are using. It could also be included that the Boy Scout movements also conduct flag ceremonies in an almost religious manner. Only the military forces practice such religiosity towards nationalistic practices like the flag ceremony. The desig n of conducting flag ceremonies, in relation to the argument that Boy Scouting involves much militarism could have been for re-instilling nationalistic thoughts in the minds of young people.In Baden-Powell’s book, Scouting For Boys, he had something that could be relatively too hard to absorbed by young people, but not of young people under militaristic training â€Å"be prepared to die for your country is it need be, so that when the moment arrives you may charge home with confidence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The most notable part of his line was targeted to young Boy Scouts â€Å"†¦not caring whether you are going to be killed or not† (Baden-Powell 331-332) For Baden-Powell, the ideal citizenship involves being preparedness for the possibility of death while serving the country.Those lines could be closely associated to what military personnel say all the time, like they are brainwashed or something, especially when they are set to fight in a war. Even the seemingly innoce nt practices of Boy Scouts like songs, chants, and marching finds its roots to military influences. Almost all Boy Scout song and chants have similarities to those of the military forces. There striking similarities in terms of cadence, melody, and content.There is no need to expound on marching as being military influenced. That just requires an open-and-critical mind dashed with even the slightest common sense. Moreover, the similarities go beyond appearances between Boy Scouts and the military. Even the internal design of the Boy Scout program seems to follow militaristic thinking. During the early years of the Boy Scout movement, the divisions of the early version of the Boy Scout movement have very explicit similarities to the way military forces are organized.It was like there is a corresponding branch within the Boy Scout movement to branches of the military forces. In 1912, there was the Sea Scouts, during World War 2 there was the Air Scouts of 1940 (Vane 19). In the founda tional book â€Å"Scouting For Boys†, there was a whole section dedicated for the discussion of the Navy and the Army (Baden-Powell 328-330) Misleading design Militaristic qualities are ever present and obvious at the Boy Scout movement. Yet advocates of the movement persistently dispel the argument that the movement is in anyway militaristic.Their first line of defense was the seemingly innocent and politically stripped words of Robert Baden-Powell (see introduction of this paper). But many critics view Baden-Powell’s design as misleading and leaning towards militaristic ideals. One point of argument by the movement’s critics is that misleading leanings set by Baden-Powell. The founder of the movement claims that Boy Scouts are aiming for high morality. According to critics, that kind of design is also employed by other misleading organizations such as when the pacifist group Boys Life Brigade aiming at â€Å"saving lives.† (Foster) One of the most popul ar interpretations of the Boy Scout movement as a whole is by former president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt. His comments are devoid of any leanings, but still it provides good material for this discussion â€Å"†¦it does not try to make soldiers out of Boy Scouts, but tot make boys who will turn out as men to be fine citizens, and who will, if their country needs them , make better soldiers for having been scouts† (Roosevelt) A critic had analyzed Baden-Powell’s words to his publisher in 1901.Baden-Powell’s words are â€Å"if you want to ensure peace let them see you are prepared for war†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That alone could paint a militaristic interpretation, yet Baden-Powell added and pertaining to the Boy Scoutsâ€Å"†¦a wise and practical organization of the splendid material lying ready to our handsâ€Å" (Adams 123) The critic had concluded that the real motive behind the creation of the Boy Scout movement is to provide additional defen se for the British military. (Foster) Conclusion The Boy Scout movement started as an organization that has an altruistic mission of helping young people.But political opportunists had recognized the potential of the growing movement. And by their power and influences, they had managed to create a seemingly innocent movement that has subtly incorporated militaristic traits. Moreover, the Boy Scout movement can not deny the fact that their origins are of militaristic nature. Even the founder of the movement had come from the military. It is just understandable that he may incorporate militaristic ideals in the formulation of the organization that he had started.Having a militaristic origin does not reflect negatively on the Boy Scouts of today. What is the most efficient way to do is to separate negative and positive traits from militarism. They should reject negative militaristic traits like leanings towards war. More importantly, preserve positive militaristic traits like high-leve ls of discipline and nationalism. Works cited Adams, William Scovell . Edwardian Portraits. UK: Secker and Warberg. 1957 Baden-Powell, Robert. Scouting For Boys: The Original 1908 Edition.Dover Publications ,Incorporated. 2007 Boehmer, Elleke (2004). Notes to 2004 edition of Scouting for Boys. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Elleke, Boehmer. Notes to 2004 edition of Scouting for Boys. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2004 Jeal, Tim, Baden-Powell, Hutchinson. The Vane Rebellion Pages. 1989 Michael Foster. MILITARISM AND THE SCOUT MOVEMENT. Scout History Association. 17 April 2008 Vane, Sir Francis. The Boy Knight, The Council of the National Peace Scouts. 1910

AIDS Essay Example

Current Event on HIV/AIDS Essay Example Current Event on HIV/AIDS Paper Current Event on HIV/AIDS Paper Essay Topic: Current The article that I have chosen is: â€Å"WHO advocates circumcision to curb new HIV cases The practice would best serve males in sub-Saharan Africa, researchers say. † By Jia-Rui Chong (Times Staff Writer), Dated March 29, 2007. (Quoted). The article speaks of one of the latest finding related to HIV/AIDS involving male circumcision. The WHO recommends it as a one of its main strategies to help prevent HIV/AIDS spread in Africa. The WHO claims that this new finding and execution of it as a strategy in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS during sexual intercourse in men could save millions of lives in Africa. Male circumcision is widely being performed in the Northern African regions, and is less frequently performed in the Southern and the Eastern African regions. The WHO feels that the if it was more widely performed, it could help to prevent in the transmission of HIV/AIDS and save millions of lives. The Director of the WHO’s HIV/AIDS Department Kevin De Cock, feels this could be utilized as an additional intervention in countries where the prevalence of HIV/IDS was high and where circumcision was appropriate. This could effectively reduce the risk of transmission of HIV/AIDS in heterosexual men. In many parts of Africa, male circumcision is performed to lower extents nowadays, and if these were increased, it would help in reducing the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Initially, when HIV/AIDS was began to spread in Africa, it was observed that men who had undergone circumcision had less frequently transmitted or developed the infection, than those who were not circumcised (BBC-Health. 2007). However, these earlier observations were unconfirmed, and only through recent trials have they been established. The risk of HIV/AIDS spread reducing after conducting male circumcision is well-documented. According to the CDC, the foreskin present on the penis is less keratinized and a greater number of Langerhans cells are present (specific cells that are targeted by the HIV virus). During sexual intercourse, the foreskin is at a greater risk of undergoing damage, and so the risk of transmitting HIV/AIDS increases. The environment existing in the area between the glans penis and the unretracted skin is such that viruses could easily survive. Besides, several individuals having ulcerated STD’s (including syphilis) have greater risk of transmitting and acquiring the disease in case the penis is not circumscribed. A clinical trial conducted in Africa to demonstrate the benefits of male circumcision on HIV/AIDS demonstrated that circumcision not only reduced the risk for transmission of HIV/AIDS but also other ulcerated STD’s. Clinical trials have also demonstrated that the spread of HIV/AIDS decreased from an infected male to a normal female, especially when the viral load was low (CDC. 2007). The WHO feels that male circumcision could help prevent the transmission of about 5. 3 million new cases of HIV infection, and reduce fatalities in about 3 million people over the next 20 years. In the year 2006, about 270, 000 new cases of HIV had developed. The Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, feels that several strategies such as condom use, determining the HIV status of the sex partner, etc, could be used along with male circumcision in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Circumcision was to be introduced free of cost to targeted males by individual nations. Dr. Mark R. Dybul, the US global HIV/AIDS coordinator, said that the US would support male circumcision as a strategy in preventing the transmission of HIV/AIDS. However, the WHO expressed some amount of caution over this new finding, as men would experience a false sense of complete protection. The transmission of HIV/AIDS could not be completely stopped by using male circumcision. The transmission rates reduced by 48 to 60 %, and should not be perceived as 100 % (BBC-Health. 2007). Another study conduced in males in Kenya, South Africa and Uganda, demonstrated that risk of HIV/AIDS transmission reduced by about 60 %. Hence, the WHO advocates that men should continue using other strategies such as condom usage and questioning their sex partner of the HIV/AIDS status. The WHO and the UN had a meeting in Monteaux, Switzerland, to discuss these finding of male circumcision and the manner in which it could be utilized in the prevention of HIV/AIDS. Dr. Maria J. Wawer, who works as a Research Associate at the John Hopkins University and who also contributed in the Uganda trial, is very excited about the findings achieved through these Trials. She compares the results obtained through these trials to that of inventing a Vaccine for HIV/AIDS. She feels that the public enthusiasm would be high when a vaccine for HIV was obtained, and hence, the public should be happy about male circumcision. Dr. Maria J. Wawer, also feels that this could be used as a cost-effective strategy in preventing the transmission of HIV/AIDS. During the trial, it costs about 69 US dollars for one male to undergo circumcision. The cost was high during this period, as the additional tests were performed by the researchers and surgeons were utilized to perform the procedure. Dr. Wawer feels that in the future nurses could be trained to conduct the procedure and reduce the costs of male circumcision. The author of this article Jia-Rui Chong has given his email address for any doubts and clarifications. The credentials of the author have not been mentioned, but his position at the LA Times has been mentioned. The article is a recent one, and the findings of this article have been confirmed through the websites of reputed organizations (such as BBC Health and CDC). Reference: The Article Jia-Rui Chong.‘WHO advocates circumcision to curb new HIV cases The practice would best serve males in sub-Saharan Africa, researchers say. † Los Angeles Times 31 Mar. 2007. latimes. com/news/science/la-sci-circumcision29mar29,1,1793948. story? ctrack=1cset=true Others – BBC Health. â€Å"WHO agrees HIV circumcision plan. † BBC NEWS 31 Mar. 2007. http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/health/6502855. stm CDC (2007). â€Å"Male Circumcision and Risk for HIV Transmission: Implications for the United States. † 2007. CDC-HIV/AIDS 31 Mar. 2007. cdc. gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/circumcision. htm

About the Greek Playwright Sophocles

About the Greek Playwright Sophocles Sophocles was a playwright and the second of the 3 greatest Greek writers of tragedy (with Aeschylus and Euripides). He is known best for what he wrote about Oedipus, the mythological figure who proved central to Freud and the history of psychoanalysis. He lived through most of the 5th century from 496-406 BCE, experiencing the Age of Pericles and the Peloponnesian War. Early Life Sophocles grew up in the town of Colonus, just outside Athens, which was the setting of his tragedy Oedipus at Colonus. His father, Sophillus, thought to have been a wealthy nobleman, sent his son to Athens for an education. Public and Religious Offices Held by Sophocles In 443/2 Sophocles was hellanotamis or treasurer of the Greeks and managed, with 9 others, the treasury of the Delian League. During the Samian War (441-439) and the Archidamian War (431-421) Sophocles was strategos general. In 413/2, he was one of the board of 10 probouloi or commissioners in charge of the council. Sophocles was a priest of Halon and helped introduce the cult of Asclepius, god of medicine, to Athens. He was honored posthumously as a hero (Source: Greek Tragedy An Introduction, by Bernhard Zimmerman. 1986.) Dramatic Accomplishments Seven complete tragedies out of more than 100 survive; fragments exist for 80-90 others. Oedipus at Colonus was produced posthumously. Oedipus TyrannusOedipus at ColonusAntigoneElectraTrachiniaeAjaxPhiloctetes In 468 BCE, Sophocles defeated the first of the three great Greek tragedians, Aeschylus, in a dramatic competition; then in 441 BCE, the third of the tragedian trio, Euripides, beat him. During his long life, Sophocles earned many prizes, including about 20 for 1st place. Here are his prize dates (when known): Ajax (440s)Antigone (442?)ElectraOedipus at ColonusOedipus Tyrannus (425?)Philoctetes (409)Trachiniae Sophocles increased the number of actors to 3 (thereby reducing the importance of the chorus). He broke from Aeschylus thematically-unified trilogies, and invented skenographia (scene painting), to define the background.

Effects of information system and information technology on Amazon.com Essay - 3

Effects of information system and information technology on Amazon.com - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that there are many ways that Amazon as a company uses information systems and information technology to perpetuate its success. First, an information system is the system that uses information technology in order to manipulate, retrieve, capture or even display data. Information systems serve several purposes which fairly lead to achieving success by a company or a business. Such roles that the information system and information technology play in a business include attaining excellence in the operation of the business, business models, offering services, and also invention of new products, the information system, and the information technology has also been a tool to attaining intimacy between the customer and the supplier, for the company to attain competitive advantage and finally so that the business can survive in the business environment. Therefore, Amazon Company seeks to achieve all these advantages through the use of the informati on system and technology. There are other factors resulting from the use of information system and information technology. Such factors include the transformation of business enterprises, the fact that the digital firms have emerged, industrial economies have transformed, and a global economy has emerged and thus giving room for a lot of competition. Information systems and information technology enable the where many businesses and companies are competing

Case Study Nike The Sweatshop Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study Nike The Sweatshop Debate - Essay Example Nike has changed its course of action in recent years from one of sheer denial and arguments to one of policy and change. The fact that the company responded only to global media pressure and the fact that standards only changed in Indonesia because of workers strikes and consumer pressure leave something to be desired about the ethical standards of Nike. However, it is important to recognize that Nike did change, though the implementation of the 1997 policies, almost ten years later, are not fully in effect. Nike should be held ethically responsible for the working conditions in foreign factories of subcontractors. In a business decision, regardless of the international boundaries, it is important to follow a certain level of ethical standards. While it is impossible to judge if Nike absolutely knew of the sub-standard conditions, it is logical to assume that Nike could not have ignored the possibility, regardless of the information from Mr. Young, who said that the conditions were adequate in the factories. Yet, in countries where minimum age and working condition laws are not contusive to an appropriate and healthy lifestyle, Nike, by simple association, should maintain a level of dignity for their products. However, the legalities of the situation become more intricate for Nike, being an American based business, subcontracts to (mainly) Asian factories. In 1992, Nike implemented a Memorandum that "required its subcontractors to comply with local laws regulating wages and working cond itions and mandated that documentation of compliance with the Memorandum be maintained for Nike's inspection," and "required subcontractors to adhere to environmentally safe practices and to certify that they did not discriminate on the basis of gender, race, religion, age, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation," yet by 1997 the subcontractors in question were obviously ignoring the Memorandum (Shaw p 6 1999). The fact that Nike created this Memo shows that in early years, the company was knowledgeable of the situation-otherwise, there would not have been a reason to respond (via the Memorandum) to negative media attention. The fact that Nike shows a response based on findings and media attention furthers the idea that they should be held legally, on an international basis, for their business practices-even those that fall under the laws of other countries. 2. What labor standards regarding safety, working conditions, overtime, and the like should Nike hold foreign factories to: those prevailing in that country, or those prevailing in the United States In 1997, the ILO (International Labor Organizations 268th Session Geneva 1997) at a Geneva Convention outlined the need for international labor laws to prevent the mistreatment of workers and, especially of children: (a) freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; (b) the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour; (c) the effective abolition of child labour; and (d) the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. On that note, the shoes Nike sells from eighty to one-hundred and fifty dollars costs anywhere from twelve cents to five dollars to

The Absence of Consolidation in Democratic Nepal Essay

The Absence of Consolidation in Democratic Nepal - Essay Example The political parties are marginalized and bemoan the unconstitutional nature of the existing government.1 The Maoist abandoned the democratic process in 1996 and declared a "people's war" intending to establish a Maoist people's republic in the place of the constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. The insurgency was low in intensity and rural until the Royal Army was used to contain the insurgency following the declaration of a state of emergency in November 2001. The insurgents now control about 70% of the country. At the pretext of quashing the insurgents, the king declared a state of emergency in early 2005, the parliament was closed down and he assumed all executive and legislative powers. On April 24, 2006, the king reinstated the House of Representatives In early May 2006, the House of Representatives declared Nepal a secular country.2 Despite several governmental efforts, superficial at the best, there was no institutionalization of democracy in Nepal. The very causes that feed the insurgency are also the barriers to consolidation of democracy, some of which are: rural poverty, uneven development between urban and rural areas, endemic corruption, persistent socio-economic inequalities and the frustration at the delivery of public goods and services from the government.3 The obstruction of public development by insurgents create a vicious cycle of poverty and social discrimination compounded by the existing issues of poverty, ethnicity, language, Dalits, gender rights, girl trafficking, ecocide with centralization, misgovernance, more official corruption, Bhutanese refugees, autocratic tendencies of democratically elected leaders, weak accountability to democratic pressures, effects of economic liberalization, etc. These failed to establish links between freedom and modernity with a rationalization of social, econ omic and political pluralism and failed to construct civil attachments of the bulk of citizens to nationhood, the political society and the key institutions of governance.4 Once a polity has been democratized, the problem of consolidation arises, which is not a mere improvement in the overall quality of democracy. Instead, this quality is a product of appropriate analyses of electoral politics and market mechanisms. '"(d)emocratic consolidation requires much more than elections and markets." Rather, a consolidated democracy is a political situation in which democracy has become "the only game in town"'5 For Schmitter, the consolidation of democracy is "the process of transforming the accidental arrangements, prudential norms and contingent solutions which have emerged during the transition from autocracy into relations of cooperation and competition that are reliably known, regularly practiced and voluntarily accepted by those person or collectivities, i.e., politicians and citizens, who participate in democratic governance."6 According to Linz and Stepan: "A democratic regime is consolidated when no significant party within the polity attempts to create a non-democratic regime, when the majority of the people, even under sever economic crises or deep dissatisfaction, believe that democratic procedures and institutions are the most appropriate way of governing the country, and when governmental and non-governmental forces

Heat combustion of Alcohol Essay Example for Free

Heat combustion of Alcohol Essay Background Information Alcohols are used as a source of fuel in many countries. For it to turn into fuel, alcohol must be burnt. Alcohol is also a good clean source of energy and heat. In this experiment I will be trying to find out the amount of energy produced when different alcohols are burned. In this experiment, the type of alcohol will be tested is Ethanol. Ethanol is a colourless liquid and is sometimes referred simply as alcohol or spirits. Carbon chains with a hydroxide molecule at the end of the chain make up an alcohol. Ethanol is a straight-chain alcohol and its molecular formula is C2H5OH. Its empirical formula however is C2H6O The heat of combustion of any substance is the amount of heat energy given out when 1 mole of that substance burns completely in air. Every covalent bond existing in the molecule has a bond energy. This bond energy is the amount of energy needed to break the bond or the amount of energy given out as a bond is formed. Concentration of an alcohol is related to the number of moles per decimetre cubed of the substance. The more concentrated the substance the more the substance will burn thus more heat energy is given out. Research Question Will increasing the concentration of ethanol affect the heat of combustion of the alcohol? Hypothesis It is hypothesised that increasing the concentration of ethanol will increase the heat of combustion of the alcohol. Variables Independent The concentration of ethanol (Molar) * 0.5 Molar ethanol * 1.0 Molar ethanol * 1.5 Molar ethanol * 2.0 Molar ethanol * 2.5 Molar ethanol Dependent * Heat combustion of the alcohol (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Controlled What will be controlled How it will be controlled Method of taking the temperature of water The thermometer will be placed in the middle of the conical flask and the tip of the thermometer will be touching the bottom of the flask. The conditions of the surrounding area The experiment will be carried out in standard lab conditions. Avoid contamination and residue to the next experiment when using the thermometer Distilled water will be used to thoroughly clean out the equipments before experiment. Equipments will not be reused for the next experiments. Method Drawing up data tables Molar of Ethanol Trials Initial temp (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Final temp (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Temp change (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Initial mass (g) Final mass (g) Mass used (g) Qualitative Data Getting apparatus ready 1. Set up the electronic scale and attach the metal clamp to the retort stand 2. Using the label stickers and permanent pen, label the beakers that contain the different molar concentration of ethanol accordingly 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5 3. Label the beaker containing water 4. Using the distilled water, thoroughly clean out the conical flasks and measuring cylinders Carrying out experiment 1. During the experiment, record any smell or colour of alcohol and any observation in the Qualitative Data table 2. Fill the conical flask with 100mL of water. 3. Place the thermometer inside the conical flask and record the initial temperature of the water 4. Keep the thermometer inside the conical flask 5. Clamp the flask at a height approximately 2cm from where the spirit burner will be placed below 6. Fill the spirit burner with just enough 0.5 Molar of ethanol so that the wick is half soaked in alcohol 7. Weigh the spirit burner attached with the lid containing the alcohol and record the initial mass 8. Place the spirit burner under the conical flask and use the matched to light the wick 9. When the water temperature reaches approximately 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, blow out and extinguish the flame 10. Record the exact temperature reached when flames were extinguished 11. Using the tongs, move the spirit burner and lid to the electronic scale and weigh the final mass 12. Dispose the water and alcohol inside the spirit burner 13. Repeat steps 1 11, but change the type of ethanol in respect to independent variables 1.0 Molar, 1.5 Molar, 2.0 Molar and 2.5 Molar of ethanol 14. When repeating steps 1 11, make sure a new conical flask and water is used and also a new spirit burner is used 15. When all five experiments of the different molar concentration of ethanol is completed, repeat the experiment another two times for each molar concentration of ethanol in reference to the data table Calculations 1. Final temp Initial temp = Temp change (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) 2. Final mass Initial mass = Mass used (g)