Health inequalities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health inequalities - Essay Example 49). The U.K. Government’s open commitment to deal with health inequality concerns entailed a structure of detailed policies, strengthened by a tough and motivated objective. The Government focused on the neediest population, with the neediest primary care trusts (PCTs) to get 70% more financial support than the least needy in 2009-10 (DH, Tackling Health Inequalities: 2007 Status Report on the Programme for Action). Between 1995-97 and 2005-07, the average life expectancy for the entire UK populace has notably amplified: the male population with an additional 3.1 years and the females with a further 2.1 years. For the most needy and health-deprived areas, there has been a life expectancy boost of 2.9 years for males and 1.9 years for females. Statistics on infant mortality have remarkably decreased in the last decade with 5.6 infant deaths for every 1,000 live births in 1995–97 to 4.7 mortalities for every 1,000 live births in 2005–07 for all individuals belongi ng to socio-economic groups (DH, Tackling Health Inequalities: 2005–07 Policy and Data Update for the 2010 National Target). Social and Economic Factors Social and economic factors adversely affect the health of British individuals. Health inequalities are caused by quality-of-life factors, such as education, employment position, housing, income, poverty, socio economic class and healthcare access (â€Å"Health Inequalities: A Third Report of Session 2008-09† par. 49). There are two vital insights on the causes of health disparities. First, that socioeconomic status has indirect influence on health through intermediary aspects that take a more direct impact on health. These aspects comprise environmental hazards (poor living and housing conditions, risks incurred at work, road and neighbourhood dangers) and psychosocial elements (uncooperative/unsupportive family relations, or stressful daily living) (Graham 7). Another significant insight is that these intermediary as pects are unevenly dispensed, with the young and adult population living in poor and disadvantaged conditions more vulnerable to multiple health complexities, such as health-unsafe environments and health-harmful behaviours (Barker). Individuals belonging to the higher socioeconomic groups have greater opportunities in employment, comfortable living and housing conditions and better health opportunities than those in the lower group (White et al). Death risks are higher for the poorer groups. The health of individuals in a few marginal cultural communities is poorer than those belonging to the higher class (Diamond). Mortality and life expectancy levels in both social classes show the widening gap brought about by health inequalities (White et al). The Black Report The Black Report, also known as the Report of the Working Group on Inequalities in Health, was published in August 1980.  The report has been influential in maintaining health inequalities at the frontline of UK’ s public health schema. It presented evidences that poor health and death are one-sidedly distributed among the less-inopportune UK population, and implied that these inequities have not weakened but intensified into a more serious problem since the founding of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948. The Black Report made a conclusion that failure of the NHS to address this concern did not cause disparities

Politics Among nations Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Politics Among nations - Article Example Objective laws, similar to political laws, trace their descent back to the human race. Comparing Neville Chamberlain and Winston Churchill’s foreign policies the author highlights that while the former had a very clean set of moral intentions still his foreign policy did not prove to be substantially good for the world as a whole. For the latter, however, he said that Churchill was always narrow minded but still his foreign policy proved to be an example for the foreign policies that were to be made for generations to come. In order to distinguish between political and non political facts it is essential that the concept of interest be defined in terms of power. The author ascertains form this fact that the actions and thoughts of political leaders are governed by power. The political and cultural context in which a foreign policy is made is essential and cannot be over looked. The power that governs the political leaders is not the only thing that is required to construct the foreign policy. The cultural and moral values of a particular nation cannot be ascertained as the sole representatives of an entire universe’s moral and cultural values. Thus, it can be said that a single nation’s moral values hold separately from the entire universes’. A politically realistic approach to the autonomy of a political sphere would be asking of the following question: â€Å"Is this politically realistic approach effective on the power and realistic nature of the nation as a whole?† In my opinion this is a comprehensive theory that governs the human population as a whole. Anything that is not connected to the morals of human beings cannot be significantly true of them. thus it can very well be ascertained that the famousness of these six rules of political realism are highly justified and should

Crime and Punishment in Ancient Greece Essay Example for Free

Crime and Punishment in Ancient Greece Essay Today, criminals are punished for their crimes by going to jail or prison or being on probation. But what was it like in Ancient Greece? After the Dark Ages, about 1200-900 BC, the Ancient Greeks had no official laws or punishments. Murders were settled by the victims family killing the murderer, but this was difficult if they were elderly or female. This often began endless blood feuds. It was not until the seventh century BC that the Greeks began to establish laws. Around 620 BC, Draco wrote the first law for Greece. This law said that exile was the penalty for murder and was the only one of Dracos laws that Solon kept when he became law giver in 594 BC. Foreign slaves were often employed as police men and women in Ancient Greece. After somebody reported a crime, if somebody was arrested, an informant would receive half of fine charged to the criminal. In Athens, criminals were tried before a jury of 200 or more citizens picked at random. Going to prison was not an usual punishment for the people of Greece. In cases involving rape, theft, adultery, and murder, the accused got a written summons that told them when they had to appear before the magistrate. Athenian law was divided into two things, public and private action. Public actions included the entire community. Private actions included an individual. In cases of murder, the victims family was required to prosecute the killer. Even though magistrates were at the trial, they werent judges. They neither gave advice nor did they convict the felon. They just supervised the hearing. The jury in a trial was made up of 200-600 members over the age of thirty to make sure there was no risk or bribery. After the speeches had been delivered by the prosecution and the defense, the jurors voted without deliberation. In the 5th century BC, jurors cast their vote in secret. Each juror was provided with two tokens, one for conviction and the other for acquittal. The juror put one of these in a wooden urn whose tokens were disregarded, and the other in a bronze urn whose votes were counted. Judgement was passed on a majority verdict. In the 5th century B. C. , a tie meant an acquittal. In the following century, old-numbered juries were the norm and that is the custom today. In Ancient Rome the slaves had no rights at all. They were thought of and treated like merchandise. However, slaves did cost money to buy so many of the punishments did not inflict lasting damage. The lash was the most common punishment. When slaves were beaten, they were suspended with a weight tied to their feet, so they wouldnt be able to move them. Another punishment was to be branded in the forehead. An alternative punishment included the slave being forced to carry a piece of wood around their necks wherever they went. This was called furca; and whichever slave had had been punish with this was called furcifer all the time after that. Slaves were also, by way of punishment, often kept in a work-house, or house of correction, where they had to turn a mill for grinding corn. When punished for any capital offense, they were commonly crucified; but this was eventually prohibited under the rule of the Emperor Constantine. In Rome, the punishments for death are beheading, strangling in prison, throwing a criminal from the Tarpeian rock, crucifixion, burying a person alive, or throwing a criminal in the river (patricide). Throwing a criminal in the river was inflicted for killing your father. The criminal was immediately blindfolded as unworthy of the light, and in the next place the person were taken to the field of Mars outside Rome, stripped of everything then whipped with rods. He was then sewed up in a sack, and thrown into the sea. Later in time, to add to the punishment for patricide, a serpent was put in the sack; and still later, an ape, a dog and a cock. The sack which held the criminal was called Culeus, on which account the punishment itself is often signified by the same name. There are eight kinds of punishments, fine, fetters, flogging, retaliation of kind, civil disgrace, banishment, slavery, and death. Punishments in Ancient Rome were very harsh and violent and they are unlike the laws today.

Social Issues of E-Commerce

Social Issues of E-Commerce Social Issues of E-Commerce Nowadays, the internet has created a new function called e-commerce. E-commerce is commonly known as electronic commerce and now already become a virtual main street of the world. It is essentially cover all the activities on internet and induce the customer to purchase the product over the internet. Thus, it is another way to running their own business over the internet and it used to selling and buying the product over the internet with other business man and customer on other state. E-Commerce is a good way to do their business because it can enlarge their business to whole world so that they can do their business bigger and makes more money in future. Besides that, it also can let more people know more about their product by seeing the picture of product that they upload and the details of the product that they list out on internet. Other than selling and buying product over the internet on e-commerce, it also have another function on e-commerce called supply chain management, e lectronic data interchange (EDI), electronic funds transfer, inventory management, online transaction processing, and data collection systems to make it more easy for business man for selling their product. I choose this subject to discuss their issues because e-commerce is the most popular on the internet and it has been become a virtual main street of the world. Besides that, it also has many issues for us to discuss so I decide to choose this subject to discuss. First, I will discuss the issues for e-commerce is security privacy. It is the most important issues for e-commerce because without security privacy, the customer will scared get cheated by the seller. For example, the customer will scared the seller products whether is good or bad because they just saw the picture of the product over the internet so the customer dont know whether the product are good or bad so they scared the seller will post up a bad thing to sell at internet. Another example is scared after the customer transfer the money to the seller then they wont send the product to the customer. Other than this 2 example, there still have another example is the customer dont know the actual price at marketing and t he seller just simply set up the price and did not follow the marketing price to gain their profit more than market price such as double or triple from the market price. These 3 examples will be the impacts of society because if the seller fraud the buyer then the society will become lower standard. Moreover, the impacts of IT industry is the buyer will not visit the web-sites again to purchase their products so that it will affect IT department said that e-commerce is not good in use on internet to do business because the buyer get cheat by the seller and they wont online to purchase the products again and they would rather buy the products on marketing by finding the products themselves. Besides that, there still have other issues of e-commerce. The second issues that I will discuss are shipping issues. Shipping issues means that when the buyer buys a product from the seller and the seller is from other state then they should use shipping to send the products to the buyer so that it can arrive to the place of buyer stay. In shipping, there need to have a good data management means that the seller need to manage the data securely such as addresses of buyer, names of buyer, credit card information of the buyer, and contact information of the buyer. They need to have a good management on this because if the seller never manage the data of the buyer securely and just simply write it down only then when they need to send the products to buyer after confirm all the transaction then only feel that some information already lost due to the paper that list out the buyer details cant find it out then it will become a shipping issues because without the information of the buyer then they cannot send the product to the buyer so when the buyer did not receive any products that they promise before with the date that the product will arrive to the buyer then the buyer will feel that they get cheat by the seller. Its very important because if the buyer feels they get cheat by seller then they wont go to that websites again to purchase the products. Besides that, for shipping fee, it is calculate with the weight of the products so after calculate the price out for shipping fee then it still need to add up the cost of the products so it will become a very high cost for the products compare with marketing price so it will cost highly if want to purchase the product over the internet and the seller are not stay in your country. These issues will affect the society become low standard if the buyer fell they get cheat by the seller and the buyer will think that mostly of the seller that stay at that country also same with him/her so their country will become low sta ndard. Besides that, these issues also will affect IT industry because the buyer will fell that although using internet to purchase a product is more easy but need to pay double or triple of the marketing price and they will they better buy themselves and not purchase though the internet so that it can saves more money compare with purchase online then the buyer will not use the internet again to purchase product so IT will become less people used for purchase products. Other than 2 issues above, there still have another issues called complexity of process. It means when the buyer want to purchase that such products then they need to follow their step to purchase a products from them such as register as a member of that website, fill up the agreement form, key in all your personal details, key in your credit card number and so forth. There have many step to follow if want to purchase a products over the internet. Although many step to do before purchase the products is for the best security privacy but the buyer will feel that the process of buying the products over the internet are complexity compare with buy a products outside. These issues also will be the same impacts to society and IT industry such as the society will become low standard and cannot progress to become better, and IT industry also will become not many people to use IT to purchase the products over the internet. Conclusion, after we discuss these all the issues for e-commerce, we already know that what is the impact of that all issues to society and IT industry so we need to learn from the issues so that we can make it better and improve the efficiency for e-commerce. First, we need to increase the security privacy such as build up a good impression for your website which is do not fraud people and so forth so that the buyer can trust your website when they want to purchase products. When the buyer trust your website then our society will become more high standard because nowadays they are using ecommerce to purchase products. Secondly, we need to decrease to shipping issue such as have a good data management so that the data wont get lost. Moreover, we also need to find out the economical ways to ensure that your products will arrive to the buyer with the time that you promise before and the shipment fee will not cost highly so that the buyer will always keep purchase products over the in ternet. When the buyer feel that shipment fee and product fee is a good cost and not cost highly then the buyer will keep purchase the products from your website so it can improve our society and also IT industry. Lastly, we need to reduce the step before purchase products such as we just ask the buyer to fill up his/her details that can contact his/her then uses email to verify again their details and then only send out the products to the buyer so that the buyer wont feel the process of purchase a product complexity and they also will always use internet to purchase the product so our society can become high standard and IT industry also will have a good feedback from user. After discuss how to reduce the issues of e-commerce, I believe that e-commerce will become more users friendly and will become a virtual main street of the world so they can purchase any products that they need over the internet. Reference wikinvest(2006), http://www.wikinvest.com/concept/E-Commercewebz, http://www.webz.com.my/ec.html goecart(2000), http://www.goecart.com/support/ecommerce-issues.aspx AllBusiness(1999), http://www.allbusiness.com/sales/internet-e-commerce/842-1.html EzineArticles(2009), http://ezinearticles.com/?General-eCommerce-Issuesid=182160

Physics of Rock Climbing :: physics sport sports rock climbing

Anchor systems are vital for a climber and whether or not an anchor is secure can mean the difference between life or death for the climber. Good anchors are not difficult to set up and all they require is a little experience in setting up and some common sense. We will anaylze the forces generated in two different types of anchor systems. Another factor in the forces generated in an anchor system that can be applied to both systems is that of the angles involved in the system. The greater the angle at the bottom of the anchor system, where the rope attaches to the anchor, the greater the force that is exerted on each anchor point. The table below reflects this. The American Tringle is an anchor made in the shape of a triangle. The force on either anchor point is equal to where F is the force exerted on the lowest carabiner in the system. With an angle of 60 degrees this force is equal to the force exerted on the system. Any smaller angle will mean a greater force on the anchor points. This anchor will effectively double the forces present in the anchor system compaired to the Equalized V anchor, making it quite a bit more dangerous. The Equalized V is an anchor in the shape of a V. The force it exerts on each anchor point is , where F is the force exerted on the system. At 60 degrees it exerts a force of F/2 on each anchor, so it is much better than the American Triangle. This is a fall. If you climb it will happen to you. Sometimes in hurts. The rest of the time it really hurts. This is especially applicable in lead climbing where you place protection or clip into bolts as you climb. In lead climbing you can easily take falls of more than 10 meters. 'Static' climbing ropes are not really static, but actually just low elongation. Suppose, climbing with static rope, a 60 kg climber was to fall from thirty meters, with his last piece of protection 5 meters below you. He would then fall 10 meters. Assuming that his rope stopped him in 1/10 of a second, the stopping force he would feel would be equal to 8.4 kN, and the force on the anchor would be twice that, 16.8 kN. While most carabiners are rated up to 20+ kN, most ropes can withstand significantly less, usually about 9 kN.

Andrew Carnegie: The Man Behind the Steel :: American History Essays

Andrew Carnegie: The Man Behind the Steel I chose to right about Andrew Carnegie for the two following reasons. The first being his Scottish heritage, and second being his close ties with the city of Pittsburgh. I happen to have some Scottish blood in me but more importantly I am from Pittsburgh. Andrew Carnegie’s story of rags to riches is slightly more inspiring than that of Henry Clay Frick, his partner. As a Scottish immigrant Carnegie made his ways through the ranks of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Upon passing on an offer for the superintendent of the Pittsburgh division of the Pennsylvania Railroad; Carnegie and his brother Thomas purchased an already running mill (Burgoyne 6). From here Carnegie built up the largest and most lucrative iron and steel works in the world. His character was often challenged by certain individuals and defended by others. It is common knowledge that Carnegie viewed himself as a man of the people since he came from humble beginnings. Conversely labor historian Harold Livesay was quoted in saying, â€Å"that certainly by the standards of ethics and conduct to which we would like to hold businessmen today, he indeed operated extremely ruthlessly (www.pbs.org).† Carnegie’s character, views on labor and actions regarding Homestead will be discussed more in depth further. The Homestead Strike of 1892 is known as one of the bloodiest and most bitter labor strikes in American history. Many though would consider it to a necessary progressive movement even taking into account the many lost lives. In order to understand what exactly occurred in Homestead during the summer of 1892 it is first necessary to understand the town of Homestead itself. It is important to point out the fact that without the mill there would be no Homestead, therefore making the mill the nucleus of the town. The mill was located along the Monongahela River in the south of Pittsburgh. Not having seen the mill myself I’m sure that it would have been a beacon to Pittsburghers, encompassing 600 acres of the river’s bank (Burgoyne 1-2). The entire of economy of Homestead was centered on the mill with all other businesses depending on the revenue dispersed by the mill. Store owners, bartenders, and seamstresses all alike depended on paychecks from the mill to spend at their respective proprietorships. There for the lockout of the mill did not simply affect the mill workers but rather all 12,000 residents of Homestead (Burgoyne 1). As for Andrew Carnegie, well he became the richest man in the world. In the year 1900 Carnegie sold the company to J.P Morgan for $480 million.

Muhammad Yunus

Professor Dr. Muhammad Yunus Muhammad Yunus is a banker to the poor and economist who was born on 28 June 1940 in Bangladesh. He was a professor of economics and is famous for his work in microcredit. Professor Muhammad Yunus established the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in 1983 to help the poor by giving out small loans. He turned the idea into  Grameen Bank, which has made small loans to more than 7. 5 million people now. His first loan was $27 given from his own pocket. This $27 was loaned to 42 women in the village, who made a profit of $0. 2 each from the loan. The activity of the Grameen Bank is known around the world. Its ideas have been used throughout the world including USA, China, Malaysia, India etc. More than 94% of these loans have been given to women to improve their lives and escape poverty. The Norwegian Nobel Committee decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006, divided into two equal parts, to  Muhammad Yunus  and  Grameen Bank  Ã¢â‚¬Å"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below†.Muhammad Yunus has received several other awards. Microcredit means giving small loans. These loans are given to poor people. To qualify for a loan, the villager must demonstrate that their family owns less than one half acre of land. The activity of Grameen Bank has not been limited to just Bangladesh but also around the world. Grameen helps the world’s poorest, especially women, improve their lives and escape poverty. More than 94% of Grameen loans have been given to women, who have less money and give more to their families.Grameen Bank was the first lender to hand out microcredit, giving very small loans to poor Bangladeshis who did not qualify for loans from normal banks. The bank has provided $5. 72 billion dollars to over 6 million families in Bangladesh. These loans average $200. With 1,417 branches, Grameen provides services in 51,000 villages, covering three quarters of all the villages in Bangladesh. This system was so successful that even beggars had been able to borrow money.The people who have enough money has many banks to support them, but those who don’t have anything, traditional banking system, that’s why Muhammad Yunus created the Grameen Bank and thus winning the Nobel Prize for Peace. The main aim of the traditional bank is to provide loan in exchange of depositing the property or other assets with interest. There is no scope/eligibility for the poor to do anything without any investment, but in the concept of Grameen Bank, Dr. Yunus has made his microcredit policy to provide banking service without any deposition.Muhammad Yunus is the recipient of numerous international awards for his ideas and endeavors, including the Mohamed Shabdeen Award for Science (1993), Sri Lanka; Humanitarian Award (1993), CARE, USA; World Food Prize (1994), World Food Prize Foundation, USA; Independence Day Award (1987), Bangladesh's highest award; King Hussein Humanitarian Leaders hip Award (2000), King Hussein Foundation, Jordan; Volvo Environment Prize (2003), Volvo Environment Prize Foundation, Sweden; Nikkei Asia Prize for Regional Growth (2004), Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Japan; Franklin D.Roosevelt Freedom Award (2006), Roosevelt Institute of The Netherlands; and the Seoul Peace Prize (2006), Seoul Peace Prize Cultural Foundation, Seoul, Korea. He also is a member of the board of the United Nations Foundation. Yunus received the U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009 and the U. S. Congressional Gold Medal in 2012. â€Å"If banks made large loans, he made small loans. If banks required paperwork, his loans were for the illiterate. Whatever banks did, he did the opposite,† marvels Sam Daley-Harris, director of the Microcredit Summit Campaign. He's a genius. † â€Å"Microcredit is something which is not going to disappear†¦ because this is a need of the people,† Mr. Yunus told the BBC in 2002. Bibliography â€Å"Press Release â₠¬â€œ Nobel Peace Prize 2006†. Nobelprize. org. 17 Apr 2013 http://www. nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/press. html Muhammad Yunus: Nobel Peace Prize Winner. Grameen-info. org. 17 Apr 2013. http://www. grameeninfo. org/index. php? option=com_content&task=view&id=404&Itemid=199 Yunus Wins Nobel Prize. 006. Nbcnews. com. 17 Apr 2013. http://www. nbcnews. com/id/15246216/ns/business-world_business/t/yunus-wins-peace-nobel-anti-poverty-efforts/ The New Heroes: Muhammad Yunus. Pbs. org. 17 Apr 2013 http://www. pbs. org/opb/thenewheroes/meet/yunus. html Muhammad Yunus: Worlds Banker to the Poor. 2 Mar 20011. Bbbc. co. uk. 17 Apr 2013 http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-south-asia-11901625. Nobel Prize Winner Muhammad Yunus Visits Quinnipiac. Qunnipiac. edu. 17 Apr 2013.