Are major programs considered temporary of permanent organizations

Are major(ip) syllabuss considered fly-by-night of permanent wave organizationsFrom a management post, should major programs be regarded as permanent or flying organizations?Change is permanent therefore all musical arrangements are temporary. So does it matter if management regards major programs as temporary or permanent giving medications? The answer is it does. major(ip) programs are a social construct and there appears to be signifi heapt differences in culture, behaviour and performance that vary with the perception an makeup attaches to its lifespan. In this strive we will ask what major programs are, how they come about, what their purpose is, how they are planned and how all of this should be taken into account when considering whether they should be regarded as temporary or permanent disposals. We will explore cultural and behavioural characteristics to be found in permanent and temporary organisations and consider how this affects performance and outcomes. We wi ll refer to theories of organisational pattern to interpret how major programs might be classified and bodily structured in order to assess whether a temporary or permanent organisation is beat out suited to effective management. Finally, we will come to a resultant about whether, from a management perspective, drops should be regarded as temporary or permanent.Major programs can be descryed as the big version of programs which, themselves, are a collection of projects being operated for a common goal. Big in this consideration1refers to long epoch (c7-10 divisions), and high cost ($1bn). Beneath the surface there are many other complicating variables that impart each major program with its individual character. These include just now are non limited to significant bespoke harvest-festival customisation, unprecedented scale, significant reputational factors, transformational change, continuous changes throughout life. With all this combined they present a practically more complex and challenging environs than the single project.Major programs are commissi aced in order to deliver a step change on a strategic scale. Quinn (1978) says they are a response to change deficit. Thiry (2007) says the take aim to change is usually caused by an unsatisfactory condition (p.119) which could be unsatisfied ambition. As they consume a substantial share of the organisations resource and capital for a sustained period they are authorised through the strategic plan. The deficiency to maintain this link to strategic in got creates one of the most important issues and challenges relating to temporary or permanent form. In his widely respected work The Rise and make pass of Strategic Planning Mintzberg makes the argument that plans and strategy are not all deliberate. They operate within an unstable world where factors beyond organisational control are evermore interacting to create new realities. In this world the intended strategy is impacted or replaced by what Mintzberg footing as emergent strategy. Due to their duration, major programs must adjust to changed circumstances by making changes to their own plans and objectives. By virtue of their scale they also need to feed back into the strategy planning environment as an input, which will in turn influence emergent strategy via a Double Loop process (Thiry and Deguire 2007). From a company management perspective it is therefore important that a major program is operated through an organisation whose life expectancy and philosophy is aligned with strategic intent rather than special father and end points along a simple time line. In the opinion of Thiry this requires regular reviews to ensure the program is on taper, requiring adjustment and still needed. The bourne date that is determined by the realisation of benefits rather than a handover to trading operations at product completion (Thiry 2007). Taking this notion still further, some major programs are now set up around a Build Own Operate (BOO) model, Jaafari (2007). BOOs are permanent organisations designed to counter the risk that project teams see themselves as temporary organisations who are not involved in realising benefits. To theorists like Thiry the link between the major program organisation and strategy is paramount. He states that programs need to produce business level benefits and are a link between strategy and projects Thiry (2007) p.114). So from its inception to its termination point the life of a major program is governed by strategic pitching.The role of the plan also has an influence on the practicalities of working via a temporary or permanent structure. depict teams organised according to conventional project management standards work best with fixed and accurate plans. The plan is the vehicle for their organisation. By approving the plan the permanent organisation is effectively creating a contract that delegates authority to a topical anesthetic organisation Ives (2005) p.45 that can take decisions and act quickly without constantly referring to the chain of command as it goes about its business. This style of project management, works well with a well-defined and accurate plan. But the plan for a ten year major program costing $1bn is inevitably going to be inaccurate (ref Mintzberg). The role of the external environment is likely to be greater, the program leader will be oblige to spend time dealing with outside bodies (regulators, pressure groups) Hobbs and Miller (1988) p.147, there will be a need to appraise and review Thiry (2007) p.133 and, with so frequently company resource tied up in its operation, the program has a role to play in institutional learning, staff training and development. These fluid conditions do not support the fixed plan model. They are more familiar to general managers in a permanent organisation than project managers in a temporary organisation. This creates a tension in organisational design. The fact that project m anagement has become the popular engine of change even leading to colonisation and the projectification of friendship Maylor et al (2006) p.664 testifies to dissatisfaction with past performance. Major programs had a history of failing even before they were called major programs. The adoption of a project approach is proof that organisations need special help to overcome internal resistance and opposition to strategic change. The project establish temporary organisation offers the promise of being more single-minded, target driven, dynamic, better at lateral communication, faster at decision taking and acting, undistracted, specialised and clear in mission.To explore the implications of adopting a temporary organisation structure in more detail it is useful to refer to A conjecture for the temporary organisation Lundin, R.A. and Soderholm, A. (1995). This theory refers to basic concepts of Time, Task, Team and Transition. It suggests that permanent organisations have a view of the world that is establish on their presence continuing forever. By contrast temporary organisations use time as a primary measure. signalise events actions are dimensioned against a linear time-line. Whilst permanent organisations are accountable for financial performance, the temporary organisation is given dispensation from fiscal contributions and any other distractions. The temporary organisation (Team) is funded to deliver an output which will eventually be transferred (via Transition) to the permanent organisation who will use it to create value in line with the strategic intent. The temporary organisation could be regarded as an entrepreneurial substitution for market pricing.According to the theory the temporary organisation passes through a sequence of phases that begin when a group promotes the Task for the project (Action based entrepreneurialism). Fragmentation of commitment building occurs when the team decouples from the organisation from other past, contemporary or ev en future sequences of activities. intend isolation describes the process where the team closes itself away by deliberately isolating the organisation to execute the plan for which the whole operation should proceed like a train moving at high speed towards the end station without unwanted stops. Institutionalised Termination describes the process where the team is recoupled to the organisation and delivers their output to operations via a bridging process. Although this sequence would support a conventional project, a temporary organisation following this behaviour is unlikely to successfully span a ten year major program lifecycle. The emphasis on isolation, time based delivery and a fixed plan is unrealistic. Over a ten year period the temporary and permanent organisation will need to systematically exchange information, staff and revised plans. Splendid isolation with high speed delivery and no unwanted stops is not practical.Lundin and Soderholm only considered two types of p roject. Unique where the project was exploring new ground and repetitive which was a project (like construction) based on previously tried and tested plans. To move the discussion forward it would be useful to consider how a program might be classified in order to create an steal organisational design that fits the needs of strategy. In the case of major programs even repetitive projects (for example bridge building) present sufficient local variation for the managers to feel their task is unique. To consider whether temporary or permanent is best it would be useful for management to be able to assess the context of their specific project. Shenhars diamond Model Shenhar (2007) based on contingency theory is useful for this. It appears to be applicable to the full spectrum of projects from single project to major program. Shenhar eschews the one size fits all p.10 Shenhar (2007) methodology of standard project management in favour of using classical contingency theory to address th e need for adapting the responsibility style to the right project Shenhar (2007). Having studied 600 projects Shenhar developed a view using Uncertainty and change, Complexity and Pace (UCP) as dimensions for plotting project profiles in his Diamond Model. To obtain readings to feed into the model managers are asked to follow a three step process to assess the Environment, Product and Task for the project. The goal is to use this data to plot a project profile that can then be used to identify specific managerial activities, decisions and style that are best appropriate for each level and each project type. The UCP model was expanded into NTCP with 13 readings on a four dimensional scale.Figure 1 NTCP Model (c) Shenhar 2006 (Reinventing Project Management)The system allows management to map out the stove / profile of a project with each point along the four dimensions analysed by variables giving relevant advice. A major program might well have a Complexity that is described at th e Array level (large widely dispersed collections of systems component together to achieve a common purpose). Shenhars system states the Project Organization for this should beAn umbrella organization usually a program office to mastermind subprojects many staff experts technical, administrative, finance, legal etc. p.191 Shenhar (2007) Wiley.But he does not apply contingency theory to the structuring of an organisation. He also takes a conventional view on project lifetime. Though he is dismissive of narrow project management by Triple Constraints (cost, time and scope) he accepts the norm that projects can be seen as temporary organisations within organisations.The use of contingency and organisational theory in project organisation design is purposefully addressed by Molloy and van Donk. In their paper From organising projects to projects as organisations they detect a turn to a focus on structural, contextual and contingent factors or projects that supports an exploration of the relevance of organisational theory to project management p.131 Molloy et al (2008) They refer to the work of Mintzberg which bases organisational structure on nine design parameters influenced by five contingency factors, to map types of project to Mintzbergs five organisation structures (Simple, Machine bureaucracy, Professional bureaucracy, Divisionalised form, Adhocracy). Although major programs were not specifically included in this exercise Molloy and van Donk encourage the view that under disparate circumstances different organisational structures will be needed to be successful p.130.The message that is evolving for management from this exploration is that the question of whether major programs should be regarded as temporary or permanent organisations is entwined in a wide range of threads. Context, adaptation, flexibility, strategic alignment and a departure from the rigid standardisation of project management appear to be present. This is not a concern if you take the view that major programs can hold both permanent and temporary status. If you also believe it is possible to design a temporary organisation with a different management structure to the standard project management approach, you open the door to organisational theory and a contingency based approach and, this seems worthwhile.Organisational designers like Galbraith provide access to theories that have grappled with issues that are currently challenging project management and major project management. In particular, the view that organisations make out and gain advantage through organisational structure (Ref like the New Management Paradigm Gareis (2007) p254. The need for wider thinking is apparent from the realisation that major programs are commensurate of evolving from start-up to termination over ten years whilst passing through phases where they develop into large-scale enterprises involving many participants divided across many activities and sub-projects. There are provab le parallels with the way that permanent organisations develop under similar conditions. For management who have given the go ahead on a strategic plan with a ten year timeframe and a $1bn budget there are potential benefits in a contingency based process that uses Galbraiths Star system Galbraith et al (2002). This works through a dedicated organisational design process that starts with Strategy and progresses through Structure, Processes, Rewards system and People planning (including policies on training and development). This seems a well-founded alternative to a one size fits all philosophy that presumes a project is a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product or service. PMI (2000).At this point we have travelled some distance from the original question about whether major programs should be regarded as permanent or permanent organisations. We started with strategic alignment because this is so important given the scale and importance of major programs. This wa s shown to be difficult to maintain using an approach based on project management in a temporary organisation that is narrowly managed by methods built around the Triple Constraint of time, cost and scope (Shenhar 2007). Major programs require input from many of the behaviours and methods used by permanent organisations. But this has to be managed carefully. Major programs still require the benefits of separation from the permanent organisation that accrue from successfully harvesting project virtues of dynamism and commitment to change. As long as project methodology is not allowed to gum-up progress with unhelpful bond to rigid controls and time based management, it can still offer an escape from the failure of permanent organisations to adopt change and give up bureaucratic structures. In search of a way to combine project management with appropriate organisational theory we saw how to classify a project using contingency theory and we were introduced to the Star framework that could be adapted to the management of major programs. Organisational theory has covered much of the ground that leads to discussion over whether major programs should be regarded as temporary or permanent organisations. Contingency theory and organisational design theory offers a way to design a delivery organisation that blends the benefits of both worlds.The conclusion from this discussion is definite. From a management perspective the decision to establish a permanent or temporary organisation for major projects should always be contextual. The start point is strategy. From this position management has to take account of the characteristics of the project and its environment. Calling on frameworks of analysis, a design should be formulated that maximises organisational efficiency in terms of project management, benefits delivery and strategic fit. At the end of this process, having maximised their prospects for success, the designers should step back and regard their creation. Fr om this perspective, where they are standing at a safe distance from sea captain dogma, they can relax and observe whether what they have created a permanent or temporary organisation, or both.

Airline Reservation System Ars Software Requirements Specifications Computer Science Essay

air duct Reservation System Ars Software Requirements judicial admissions Computer Science EssayAirline reservations schema of rules (ARS) is a online package application apply to hold up and retrieve information and perform transactions related to air travel. Origin onlyy designed and performed by respiratory tracts, ARSes were later developed for the use of travel agencies. Major ARS trading operations that book and sell slatings for multiple air ducts are known as Global distri barelyion carcasss (GDS). Airlines get to divested most of their direct holdings to dedicated GDS companies, who make their constitutions entreible to consumers d cardinal Internet gateways. Modern GDSes are providing the services like booking hotel rooms and rental cars as well as airline tickets. They alike provide admission fee to railway reservations in some markets although these are non perpetually integrated with the main establishment.REQUIREMENTS recordFirst we are developing a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document that specifies what an airline reservation establishment should and should not do. The SRS document is divided into five sections namelySystem ObjectivesMainly we discuss the goals and objectives of the system categorized ground on the viewpoint of the airline comp either and the guest. They help in a top-down development of the SRS.System ContextThis section clearly depicts the environment and boundaries of the ARS and the entities with which it interacts. It helps us see how the system fits into the existing scheme of things. What the system allow do by itself and what it expects other entities to do is clearly delineated.Functional RequirementsThese requirements states the functions of the system what it should do and what it should not. This pull up stakes includes the most common requirements of the customer in addition to some supererogatory features. like reserving tickets, rescheduling tickets etc. Freedom from amb iguity and navigability were kept in mind succession documentation. A consistent terminology has been followed through with(predicate)out and the terms are explained in the appendix. The subsections follow a logical sequence that reflects the real world. For example, a customer cannot schedule a ticket unless he has bought one earlier and cannot sully one unless he has dampened its approachibility.Non-functional RequirementsThese are quality requirements that stipulate the performance levels required of the system for various kinds of activities. Numerical lower and upper limits set conditions on the response times, access times etc of the system. Sometimes, tradeoffs are necessary among various non-functional requirements.Future RequirementsAs applied science improving day to day, exploiters needs are excessively increasing.so we have to up envision our applications time to time in order to satisfy the customers.These are the specifications which are not provided for now in the current version of ARS but which could be incorporated into future versions. Some of these need advanced technologies and interfaces with other systems. The ARS could be designed in future to enhance the existing capabilities or add entirely new ones.The assumptions and limitations of the ARS have been interspersed in the SRS to present the same in their proper context.REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS DOCUMENT1. System Objectives1.1 The Airline Reservation System (ARS) is a software application to assist an airline with transactions related to making ticket reservations, which includes cylinder block, reserving, deleteing and rescheduling tickets.1.2 From the viewpoint of the airline 1.2.1 Minimize repetitive work done by the system administrator and reservation clerks.1.2.2 Maintain consistency among different access modes, e.g. by phone, by web, at the information desk and across different physical locations. The exploiters should be basically taken through the same steps by the system as they go through in conventional desk-reservation systems.1.2.3 Maintain customer information in mooring of emergency, e.g. shoot of steps cancellation due to inclement weather. The profile can also be used by the airline comp every to track user preferences and travel patterns to serve them better, plan routes, for better marketing and efficient scheduling of fledges.1.2.4 Maximize the revenue of the airline company by various means1.2.4.1 Increase awareness among frequent travelers virtually various special offers and discounts.1.2.4.2 Minimize the human action of vacant fags on a relief valve and maximize trajectory capacity utilization.1.2.4.3 Maintain the capability to adopt a flexible pricing policy. The price of the tickets should be dynamically stubborn based on how early, before the consider of departure, the customer bargain fors the ticket.1.3 A survey conducted by airline companies trys that users of an existing reservation system would respond fav orably to an ARS that fulfil or helped them satisfy the adjacent objectives1.3.1 Reduce effort and frustration for travelers in scheduling a trip, especially by reducing the search effort for the flight they need to take.1.3.2 Show all affirmable combinations and itineraries getable for a pair of arising- speech cities.1.3.3 Reduce redundancy in the information required from the customers in order for them to buy tickets, create user accounts etc.1.3.4 Check the validity of input data and give a feedback to the user in case of errors or inconsistency.1.3.5 Provide flexible access modes to users internet, telephone, PDA.1.3.6 Protect customers privacy concerns.1.3.7 Make it easy for travelers to check the ticket status or make changes to their trip.2. System Context2.1 The ARS will provide the following types of easy-to-use, interactive, and intuitive graphical and telephonic interfaces.2.1.1 The ARS will provide an easy-to-use, intuitive Graphical User Interface (GUI) as part of the Clerk/Administrators working desktop environment.2.1.2 The ARS will also provide an interactive GUI, on the World Wide Web for the general customers.The above two ARS interfaces shall help provide the following functionalities to the users access to the ARS to check the flight schedule, availability of sit down, ticket price and to block, reserve, cancel, and reschedule tickets.The ARS will also provide an easy-to-use, simple telephonic user interface, which can be accessed by the customers through telephone or cell phone from anywhere. This interface shall provide access, only to the following functionalities, namely, check flight schedule and check ticket status including any change in the flight timings. The functionality gettable through this telephonic interface is limited because of security constraints.2.2 The system and its environment and the interactions in the midst of them are depicted in the diagram below.DB-ReservationsFlight Schedule DatabaseCustomerVia Web DB-UserDB-ScheduleINTERFACECWDB-GeographyARS softwareINTERFACE CpCustomerVia PhoneINTERFACE AAdministratorThe closed boundary above clearly delineates the system and the environment. The diagram shows the interactions between the ARS software and the databases interior the system. There are three databases internal to the system and which the system maintains. DB-user is the database containing all the personal information of the registered users of the ARS. This can be up experienced by the user by put down in to the system. Information from this database is used during transactions like charging the credit card etc. DB-schedule is a copy of the flight schedule database. The latter exists independently and is updated by a flight scheduler system which is out of scope of the ARS. DB-schedule is updated with the latest status of the flight schedule database whenever there is any change in the latter. For example, if a flight has been added to the schedule between two cities on Tues days, DB-schedule gets updated with this change through a process with which we are not concerned. It is external to the system and is out of the scope of this SRS. DB-schedule also contains the base prices of tickets for various flight anatomys. DB-reservations are a database containing information regarding the be of seats available on each soma on different flights. It has readiness for marking how many of the reserved seats have been blocked but not yet bought. DB-reservations should update itself use DB-schedule, for example, if a new flight is added. DB-geography is a database, which contains information about the cities and towns serviced by the airline. The distance between all cities and towns is contained in a matrix form. There are three interfaces, one for the administrator, one for the customer via web and another for the customer via phone. The administrator can update DB-schedule with any changes in the base prices of flight tickets. The system uses a pricing alg orithm and dynamically determines the actual price from this base price depending on the date of reservation vis--vis date of departure. The customer interfaces (web and phone) change multiple functions which are described in the following section section 3.3. Functional RequirementsUser AccountsRegistration and creation of user profileChecking AvailabilityMaking Reservations/Blocking/ConfirmationConfirm Ticketreschedule TicketCancellationUpdate ProfileView Ticket StatusQuery Flight DetailsTelephone accessUser AccountsThe passenger, who will henceforth be called the user, will be presented with 3 choices by the reservation system, as the first step in the interaction between them. A user can film one of these and his choice would be governed by whether he is a guest or a registered user and whether he wants to check the availability of tickets or also block/buy them. The terms registered user and guest are described below.A user who has traveled by the airline earlier would have been given(p) a user id and a password. He would have his personal information stored in the database referred earlier as DB-user. This personal information would be henceforth referred to as profile. Such a user with a profile in DB-user shall be called a registered user. A registered user will be able to check the availability of tickets as well as block/buy a ticket by logging into the system.A new user, on the other hand, would either have toregister himself with the system by providing personal information orlog into the system as a guest.In case of a, the new user becomes a registered user.In case of b, the new user would remain a guest.A guest can only check the availability of tickets and cannot block or buy tickets.But a registered user can also act as a guest if he only wants to check the availability of tickets. Availability of tickets always refers to viewing the flight schedule for given days, the price of tickets and any discount offers. The system shall present the u ser with an option to exit from the system at any time during the following processes.Registration and creation of user profileThe system shall require a user to register, in order to carry out any transactions with it except for checking the availability of tickets. It will aim the user for the following information at the least a user id, a password, first name, close name, address, phone number, email address, sex, age, preferred credit card number. The system will automatically create a sky miles field and initialize it to zero in the users profile.Checking Availability subsequently logging in a user (either a registered user or a guest), the system shall request him to put on the following lucubrate origin city and destination city. City is a generic term and refers to a city or town as the case may be. The origin and destination cities would be entered as text. The system shall now refer to the flight schedule database, referred to as DB-geography earlier, and check if t here is any ambiguity with the names of the cities. In case there are more than two cities with same name as entered by the user, the system shall list all of them (with more qualifications) and ask the user to select one of them. In case, either the origin or destination cities are not listed in DB-geography as being directly serviced by the airline, the system shall suggest the nearest city to which service is available, including the distance of the destination city from this nearest city.After the origin and destination cities are ascertained, the system shall now access the flight schedule database, referred to as DB-schedule , and checks if there is a direct operational service between the two cities. If not, the system shall suggest possible routes and transfer points development a route selection algorithm. The user shall now be presented with a choice of either selecting one of the routes. In case he selects a route, the system shall fill in the intermediate stop over poin ts and create a multiple trip itinerary for the user.The system shall now ask the user to enter the following details class, one-way orround trip, departure date and the number of adult passengers, children and seniorcitizens.Class refers to business class/first class/club class/smoking/non smoking. This choice shall be made by the user through a drop down menu indicating all the possible combinations of choices. One-way/round trip shall be either a drop down menu or a check box selection. Departure date refers to either a single date or a range of dates, entered through a calendar-like menu. This menu shall not show dates in the past or those dates that are besides ahead in the future(as determined by the airline policy). In case, the trip is a round trip, the system shall also ask the user to enter the departure date on the return trip. Having taken all the above input from the user, the system checks for any false entries like the departure date on the return trip being earlier than the departure date on the onward trip. In case of incompatibility, the system shall display a equal error message and prompt the user to enter the information correctly. Having taken all of the information ,the system shall now access the flight schedule database DB-schedule and queries it using the input provided by the user. The system queries the reservation database DB-reservations to check which of the flights on the schedule have seats available. The system displays the results in a suitable form (a tabular form) with the following information depicted for each flight number the flight number, departure time in origin city, stretch time in destination city, the duration of the flight (taking into account the possibility of a change of time zone) and the number of seats available on that flight.There can be some(prenominal) flights between two cities and all of them will be listed for the particular date that the user wants to depart from the Origin City. In case, th e user has entered a range of dates, the system shall display all the flights for all those dates in the range.If the user has requested a round trip, the system shall display two tables one for the onward trip and one for the return trip. There will be a check box in front of each line in the table representing a flight with available seats.The user is now asked to check one of the boxes reflecting a choice of a flight number and time. In case of a round trip, the user is asked to check one box each in the two tables.The system shall now display the price of the ticket for the trip. This will be the sum of the prices for all the members of the travel party being represented by the user.The system shall also list any rules regarding the cancellation of tickets what percentage of the price will be refunded within what date ranges. This will be displayed as a table.Making Reservations/Blocking/ConfirmationAfter having taken the user through the, Checking Availability, The system wil l now ask the user if he wishes to block/buy the ticket. If yes, andif the user has been a guest, he will have to first register and become a registered user and indeed log onto the system.If the user is already a registered user, and if he has logged on already, he can block/buy the ticket, but if he has been acting as a guest, he will have to log on.Having ensured that the user is logged on validly according the system compares the departure date with the system date. If the departure date fall within 2 weeks of the system date, the system informs the user that he has no option to block the ticket and asks him if he would like to buy it.If the difference between the departure date and system date is more than 2 weeks, the system asks the user if he would like to block or buy the ticket. The system informs the user that he can block the ticket at no cost now. It also informs him that if he chooses to block the ticket, he should make a final close before 2 weeks of the departure date. The system shall send an email to the user, 3 weeks before the departure date as a reminder, in case he decides to block the ticket now.Having taken the input from the user, the system shall now proceed to update the reservation database DB-reservation. It will decrement the number of available seats on the particular flight for the particular class by the number of travelers being represented by the user.In case of a blocking, the system makes a flavor of it in the database to be used if the user doesnt turn up before 2 weeks of the departure date. It generates a blocking number and displays it for the user to bill down.In case the user buys the ticket, the system accesses his profile and charges the price of the ticket to his credit card number. It simultaneously generates a reassertation number and displays it to the user for him to note down. The ticket has been reserved.It adds the mileage of the trip (accounting for the number of travelers) to the skymiles in his pro file.Confirm TicketA user who has earlier blocked a ticket after going through the previous steps required to either confirm the ticket before two weeks of the departure date or the ticket stands scratch.To let the user confirm a ticket, the system shall first log him on and ask for his blocking number. Then it accesses DB-reservation and removes the check mark, which so far represented a blocked seat. The seat is now confirmed and reserved for the user.The system accesses DB-user and charges the price of the ticket to the credit card number of the user. It simultaneously generates a arrest number and displays it for the user to note down. The ticket has been reserved.It adds the mileage of the trip (accounting for the number of travelers) to the skymiles in his profile.Reschedule TicketThe system shall present the user with an option to re-schedule his travel partys trip. In order to do this, the system first logs on the user and requests his confirmation number. It will not allo w a user to reschedule a blocked ticket but only a confirmed ticket. Using this, it queries DB-reservation and presents the details of the trip to the user, including but not limited to origin city, destination city, date of departure and date of arrival (in case the trip is a round trip).The system shall now ask the user to select new dates from the calendar-menu.In case, there are no available tickets for the dates entered, it displays a suitable message informing him that rescheduling to that date is not possible.In case there are tickets available, the system asks the user to select the flight number for the trip (another for the return trip if the trip is a round trip) and proceeds to update the database.The system accesses DB-reservation and decrements the number of available seats on the flight(s) by the number of members in the users travel party. It then increments the entry for the previous flight by the same number to reflect an increase in the available seats on it as a result of the rescheduling.The system now checks if there is any difference in the prices of the tickets. If so, it accesses DB-user and charges or credits the credit card as the case may be. The system generates a new confirmation number and displays it to the user.CancellationThe system shall also give the user an option to cancel a confirmed ticket or a blocked ticket.The latter case is simpler and will be dealt with first the system shall first log on the user and request the blocking number. Then it accesses DB-reservation and updates it by incrementing the number of available seats by the number of people in the users travel party.In the former case, i.e., for a confirmed ticket, it asks for the confirmation number and accesses DB-reservation and presents the details of the trip.It then lists the applicable rules for cancellation of tickets and depending on the system date and the departure date, it displays the % of the pith that would be refunded if the user cancels the ti cket.After the user cancels the ticket, the system generates a cancellation number and displays it for the user to note down. It accesses DB-reservation and updates it by incrementing the number of available seats on that flight by the number of travelers in the users party. It accesses DB-user and credits the refund amount to his credit card number. The system then deducts the mileage of the trip (taking into account the number of travelers in his party) from the sky miles in his profile.Update ProfileThe system shall enable the user to update his profile at any time. Changes can be made in fields including but not limited to address, phone number and preferred credit card number.View Ticket StatusThe system shall allow a user to view all information about his trip. After logging him on, it asks for his blocking number or his confirmation number. It accesses DB-reservation and retrieves the details of the trip and presents them to the user in a convenient format, including any last minute changes to the flight timings etc. Such changes will be highlighted.Query Flight DetailsThe system shall allow any user (registered or non registered) to access the details about the arrival and departure times of a flight by requesting the user to input the flight number and date. The system accesses DB-schedule and presents the time of arrival and departure.Telephone accessThe system shall be accessible through a touch-tone telephone. The telephonic interface shall, at the least, provide the customer with the facility to check availability of tickets and query flight details. The system shall walk the customer exactly through steps 3.3 and 3.9 respectively but through a telephonic interface.Non-functional RequirementsPerformanceResponse time of the Airline Reservation System should be less than 2 second most of the time. Response time refers to the hold time while the system accesses, queries and retrieves the information from the databases (DB-user, DB-schedule etc) (A local anaesthetic copy of flight schedule database is maintained as DB-schedule to reduce this access time)ARS shall be able to handle at least 1000 transactions/inquiries per second.ARS shall show no visible deterioration in response time as the number of users or flight schedule data increasesReliabilityARS shall be available 24 hours a day, 7 days a weekARS shall always provide real time information about flight availability information.ARS shall be robust enough to have a high degree of fault tolerance. For example, if the user enters a negative number of passengers or a value too large, the system should not crash and shall identify the invalid input and produce a suitable error message.ARS shall be able to recover from hardware failures, top executive failures and other natural catastrophes and rollback the databases to their most recent valid state.UsabilityARS shall provide a easy-to-use graphical interface similar to other existing reservation system so that the users do n ot have to learn a new style of interaction.The web interface should be intuitive and easily navigable Users should be able to understand the menu and options provided by ARS.Any notification or error messages generated by ARS shall be clear, succinct, polite and free of jargon.IntegrityOnly system administer has the right to change system parameters, such as pricingpolicy etc. The system should be secure and must use encryption to protect thedatabases.Users need to be authenticated before having access to any personal data.InteroperabilityARS shall minimize the effort required to couple it to another system, such as flight schedule database system.Future RequirementsSupport for waiting list functionalityARS shall be made more flexible in ticket reservation handling, and shall accept waiting list for reservation.The waiting list handling capability of ARS shall be made more advanced, by enabling it to send requests to the Flight Scheduler to schedule extra flights, depending on the demand in a particular corridor, and providing the wait listed passengers with a new flight.The telephonic interface of the ARS shall be improved to support more functionality likeallowing the customers to cancel a ticket etc., by incorporating security measures.ARS shall be made more dynamic and helpful to the users by enabling it to send instantmessages to the passengers, of a cancelled or rescheduled flight, through email, phone,Fax etc., informing them about the change, and providing them with other feasiblealternatives.Information about the kind of meals served in a flight and the type of sport offered on a flight should be incorporated into the system.Provide serviceintegration with auto rental agencies and hotel chains.Interface for the travel agents shall be provided in the future versions with additional features like informing them of any availability of seats on a flight which was earlier booked to capacity.Choices like aisle or window seats shall be provided to the users .The ARS shall be able to handle the situation where flight services are available to multiple airports in a single city.

Essay --

The lunacy virus is a zoonotic disease that attacks the queasy system, leading to acute encephalitis and eventual death. Rabies is dole out most commonly through contact between saliva from an infected host and the open wound of a victim, in the form of a bite. However, transmission from the contamination of any mucous membrane, including the eyes and mouth, with infected saliva is also possible (How Is Rabies Transmitted?). Once transmittance has occurred, the virus uses the peripheral nervous system, or the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord, in order to reach the key nervous system (Peripheral Nervous ashes). During this time, known as the incubation degree, the virus exhibits little to no symptoms in victims, including the ability to infect others through saliva contact (The Path of the Virus.). The incubation period is determined by the specific length the virus has to travel to reach the brain. Subsequently, larger animals may experience longer incub ation periods ranging from weeks to months. Once rabies reaches the central nervous system, rapid viral replication results in encephalitis, as well as the first outward symptoms. These symptoms include increased aggression, excessive drooling, disorientation, seizures, and hydrophobia (Harris County customary Health). During this time, the virus begins being secreted by the saliva glands. Unlike the incubation period, the active period is relatively short most symptoms appear within three to fin days after the incubation period, and death usually occurs within seven days after exhibiting symptoms (The Path of the Virus.). As a result of the rapid nervous degradation, rabies is nigh incurable after the onset of symptoms. The rabies virus has the ... ...in China at the time (Schiller). Due to their low medical funds, underdeveloped and growing countries have difficulty dealing with local rabies epidemics. Though rabies is still prevalent in many countries today, it has little p andemic potential. Simply, rabies has nearly been eradicated in developed countries in the last several decades, present only in isolated cases. Though underdeveloped and developing countries continue to battle rabies, the unloosen is more of a concern for medical funds than for rabies itself. If developing countries had the potential to purchase rabies vaccinations and promote population control legislations, then rabies would be eliminated worldwide. The fact that developed countries have lowered rabies rates to near-nonexistence is proof of possible worldwide eradication. Rabies is an issue of the past, and it has no place in the future.

Tell Tale Heart :: Essays Papers

Tell Tale HeartTrue--nervous--very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses--not destroyed--not dulled them. Above all was the sense of consultation acute. I heard all things in the heavens and in the earth. I heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad? ...Now this is the point. You fancy me mad. Madmen make out nothing. But you should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded--with what caution--with what foresight--with what dissimulation I went to work I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week in the lead I killed him. It is impossible to say how the idea of murdering the old man first entered the mind of the bank clerk. There was no real motive as stated by the storyteller Object there was none. Passion there was none. I loved the old man. He had never wronged me....For his gold I had no desire. I say that it was his eye The teller states that one of the old mans eyes was a pale blue color with a film over it, which resembled the eye of a vulture. skilful the sight of that eye made the narrators blood run cold, and as a result, the eye (and with it the old man) must be destroyed. Every night at midnight, the narrator went to the old mans room. Carefully, he turned the latch to the door, and opened it without making a sound. When a sufficient opening had been made, a covered lantern was thrust inside. I undid the lantern cautiously...(for the hindges creaked)--I undid it merely so much that a single thin ray fell upon the vulture eye. And this I did for seven long nights...but I found the eye incessantly closed and so it was impossible to do the work for it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye. The old man suspected nothing. During the day, the narrator continued to perform his usual duties, and even dared to ask each morning how the old man had passed the night however, at midnight, the nightly ritual continued. Upon the ei ghth night, the narrator proceeded to the old mans room as usual however, on this night, something was different. Never before that night had I felt the extent of my powers--of my sagacity.

One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest :: Essays Papers

One Flew Over The pussys Nest Cuckoos Nest There is much metier associated with both speech and silence. One can use either to their advantage in a index struggle. In the book One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, Randle Patrick McMurphy and Nurse Ratched employ the power of speech and Chief Bromden uses the power of silence until the end of the novel when he gains the power of speech. These cases prove that the greatest power is not held in speech or silence alone, but in the effective combination of the two.Many people believe verbal communication to be a very powerful way of expressing oneself. Words gain there power when the volume is raised and lowered alternatively to make a point. Additionally, the model of speech can manifest itself in a number of ways. It can be used to humiliate, to intimidate, to flirt and to threaten, all of which are integral and pragmatic strategies to pull round a power struggle. McMurphy uses his power of speech to rally his fellow patients against Nurse Ratched who is constantly revoking their privileges. He also uses it furtively to acquire all that he desires, by conning the other patients. Throughout the novel he is very loud and is known for his unwavering ability to speak his mind and confront those that oppose him. Nurse Ratched uses her representative throughout the novel to intimidate the patients. She is the antagonist of the novel. The patients obsequiously follow Ratcheds command, until McMurphy comes along. They all fear that she will send them for shock therapy if they dont ensue her. Nurse Ratched is the most daunting persona of the novel, due in large part to the use of her voice. Throughout the novel both McMurphy and Nurse Ratched are continually trying to pull each other down. Nurse Ratched using her dominant speaking skills tries to prove to the patients that McMurphy is conning them with his vocalizations, Look at some of these gifts, as devoted fans of his maj or power call them. First, there was the gift of the tub room. Was that actually his to give?

The Founding Story of Salamis :: Cyprus

The Founding floor of SalamisTeucer announces, Despair in no way, tomorrow we will set break upon the vast ocean for a new homeland in Cyprus.At the end of the Trojan War, Teucer returned to his home island of Salamis (an island near Greece) carrying news of his brother, Ajaxs, death to his father, King atlas vertebra. The queen regnant cursed Teucer for not preventing his brothers death nor did he avenge his brothers death on Odysseus. King Telamon had mistakenly approximation that Teucer had abandoned Ajax in his moment of need because he had his kernel on the throne and future kingdom of Salamis. It was on this reasoning that King Telamon do his decision to banish Teucer from his island homeland of Salamis. Humiliated and dejected, Teucer sails away with his soldiers in search of Cyprus in hopes of making this island their new home. On the way, Teucers ship is blown polish off course. After several days of being lost in the Mediterranean Sea, Teucer lands on the shores of Egypt. He had heard that the famous prophetess Theonoe lived in Egypt. She had been born with the gift of betoken knowledge of all things present and to come. He decides to go ashore to seek out an oracle or revelation from Theonoe. If he spoke with Theonoe, Teucer had confidence he would know the correct course to take to get to Cyprus. He saysThe reason of my coming to this royal palace was a wish to see the famous prophetess Theonoe. I wish to ask how I shall steer a plausive course to the sea-girt shores of Cyprus for there Apollo hath decl ared my home shall be, giving to it the name of Salamis. Teucer son of King TelamonInstead of fall uponing Theonoe, he stumbles into a beautiful woman, Helen. She says to him, Who are you and where are you going? Teucer responds by telling her about his participation in the battle of troy weight and that he has been exiled from his birthplace, the island of Salamis by his father King Telamon. Teucer also tells her that he had beensailing to Cyprus to make a new home but has lost his way. He says he is looking for Theonoe to learn from her the quickest course to Cyprus. Helen replies that Cyprus is easy to find but he should leave Egypt soon before the king of the land, son of Proteus, finds him there.The Founding Story of Salamis CyprusThe Founding Story of SalamisTeucer announces, Despair in no way, tomorrow we will set out upon the vast ocean for a new homeland in Cyprus.At the end of the Trojan War, Teucer returned to his home island of Salamis (an island near Greece) carrying news of his brother, Ajaxs, death to his father, King Telamon. The king cursed Teucer for not preventing his brothers death nor did he avenge his brothers death on Odysseus. King Telamon had mistakenly thought that Teucer had abandoned Ajax in his moment of need because he had his eye on the throne and future kingdom of Salamis. It was on this reasoning that King Telamon made his decision to banish Teucer from his island homeland of Sal amis. Humiliated and dejected, Teucer sails away with his soldiers in search of Cyprus in hopes of making this island their new home. On the way, Teucers ship is blown off course. After several days of being lost in the Mediterranean Sea, Teucer lands on the shores of Egypt. He had heard that the famous prophetess Theonoe lived in Egypt. She had been born with the gift of divine knowledge of all things present and to come. He decides to go ashore to seek out an oracle or revelation from Theonoe. If he spoke with Theonoe, Teucer had confidence he would know the correct course to take to get to Cyprus. He saysThe reason of my coming to this royal palace was a wish to see the famous prophetess Theonoe. I wish to ask how I shall steer a favorable course to the sea-girt shores of Cyprus for there Apollo hath declared my home shall be, giving to it the name of Salamis. Teucer son of King TelamonInstead of finding Theonoe, he stumbles into a beautiful woman, Helen. She says to him, Who ar e you and where are you going? Teucer responds by telling her about his participation in the battle of Troy and that he has been exiled from his birthplace, the island of Salamis by his father King Telamon. Teucer also tells her that he had beensailing to Cyprus to make a new home but has lost his way. He says he is looking for Theonoe to learn from her the quickest course to Cyprus. Helen replies that Cyprus is easy to find but he should leave Egypt soon before the king of the land, son of Proteus, finds him there.

Bleeding paper :: essays research papers

Bleeding The most common cause of external eject is an injury. Any type of cut, scrape, or fall where descent is coming from an open provoke is regarded as external bleeding. The type of blood vessels damaged in a cut determines the speed at which blood is dispersed from the hurt area. External bleeding is divided into three types. Capillary bleeding is the most common type of external bleeding, which occurs when blood oozes from the capillary. It is easiest form of external bleeding to escort and is typically not serious. The second and more serious type of bleeding is venous bleeding, which transpires when a vein has been severed and blood points steadily. Most veins collapse when cut, which back up in controlling this type of external bleeding until medical attention can be received. The most serious and last type of external bleeding is arterial bleeding. As the bloods pumps at a faster rate it is less likely to clot, as a result this leads to a large amount of blood los s. First Aid for bleeding begins by calming and reassureing the victim. Next lay the victim down to reduce the chance of fainting by increasing the blood flow to the brain. Elevate the bleeding area when possible. Clean and remove loose dirt out-of-door from the wound. If an target area such as a knife, stick, or arrow becomes engraft in the body, do not remove it. Doing so may increase the amount of bleeding and cause more damage. Place gauze and bandages around the object and tape the object in place. Put pressure directly on an external wound with a sterile bandage, clean cloth, or even a piece of clothing. Direct pressure is best for external bleeding, except for an eye injury. Maintain pressure until the bleeding stops. Do not peek at the wound to see if the bleeding has stopped. If bleeding continues and soaks through the material being held on the wound, do not remove it. Simply place another cloth everywhere the first one. Be sure to seek medical attention. Prevention fr om bleeding requires a person to use common sense and keep knives and sharp objects away from small children. Keeping your vaccinations up to date is another method of prevention. Generally, the tetanus immunization is renewed every 10 years.Another type of bleeding is a nose bleed. A nose bleed is a loss of blood from the mucous membranes that line the nose.